The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act患者保護・医療費負担適正化法
In March of 2010, President Obama signed into law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA). The government started to phase in this highly contentious law over time starting in October of 2013. The goal of the act is to bring the United States closer to universal coverage. Some of the key features of the plan include:
Individual mandate: All individuals, who do not receive health care through their employer or through a government program (for example, Medicare), were required to have health insurance or pay a fine. The individual mandate's goal was to reduce the adverse selection problem and keep prices down by requiring all consumers—even the healthiest ones—to have health insurance. Without the need to guard against adverse selection (whereby only the riskiest consumers buy insurance) by raising prices, health insurance companies could provide more reasonable plans to their customers. At the beginning of 2019, the fine for not having health insurance was eliminated.
Each state is required to have health insurance exchanges, or utilize the federal exchange, whereby insurance companies compete for business. The goal of the exchanges is to improve competition in the market for health insurance.
Employer mandate: All employers with more than 50 employees must offer health insurance to their employees.
英語のヒント
雇用主の義務:従業員が50人を超えるすべての雇用主は、従業員に医療保険を提供しなければならない。
The Affordable Care Act (ACA) is funded through additional taxes that include:
英語のヒント
医療費負担適正化法(ACA)の財源は、次のような追加課税によって賄われる。
Increasing the Medicare tax by 0.9 percent and adding a 3.8 percent tax on unearned income for high income taxpayers.
英語のヒント
高所得の納税者について、メディケア税を0.9%引き上げ、不労所得に3.8%の税を追加する。
Charging an annual fee on health insurance providers.
英語のヒント
医療保険提供者に年間の手数料を課す。
Imposing other taxes such as a 2.3% tax on manufacturers and importers of certain medical devices.
英語のヒント
特定の医療機器の製造業者と輸入業者に2.3%の税を課すなど、その他の課税を行う。
Many people and politicians, including Donald Trump, have sought to overturn the bill. Those who oppose the bill believe it violates an individual’s right to choose whether to have insurance or not. In 2012, a number of states challenged the law on the basis that the individual mandate provision is unconstitutional. In June 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in a 5–4 decision that the individual mandate is actually a tax, so it is constitutional as the federal government has the right to tax the populace. At the same time, some of the taxes that were implemented as part of the ACA have been eliminated.