付録
Instructions指示
- As you complete each task below, check it off. Answer all questions in your introduction or summary.以下の各作業を終えるごとにチェックを入れよ。すべての問いに対する答えを、導入またはまとめに記せ。
- Check your course calendar for intermediate and final due dates.
英語のヒント
授業の日程表で、中間提出と最終提出の期限を確認せよ。 - Graphs may be constructed by hand or by computer, unless your instructor informs you otherwise. All graphs must be neat and accurate.
英語のヒント
担当教員から別の指示がない限り、グラフは手描きでもコンピューターで作成してもよい。すべてのグラフは見やすく正確でなければならない。 - All other responses must be done on the computer.それ以外の回答は、すべてコンピューターで作成すること。
- Neatness and quality of explanations are used to determine your final grade.
英語のヒント
仕上がりの丁寧さと説明の質が、最終成績の評価に用いられる。
Part I: Bivariate Data第I部：2変量データ
Introductionはじめに
____State the bivariate data your group is going to study.
____ グループで調べる2変量データを記せ。
____Describe your sampling technique in detail. Use cluster, stratified, systematic, or simple random sampling (using a random number generator) sampling. Convenience sampling is NOT acceptable.
____Conduct your survey. Your number of pairs must be at least 30.
____Print out a copy of your data.
____ 標本抽出の方法を詳しく説明せよ。クラスター抽出、層化抽出、系統抽出、または乱数生成器による単純無作為抽出を用いよ。便宜抽出は認められない。____ 調査を実施せよ。データのペア数は少なくとも30組とする。____ データを印刷せよ。
Analysis分析
____On a separate sheet of paper construct a scatter plot of the data. Label and scale both axes.
____State the least squares line and the correlation coefficient.
____On your scatter plot, in a different color, construct the least squares line.
____Is the correlation coefficient significant? Explain and show how you determined this.
____Interpret the slope of the linear regression line in the context of the data in your project. Relate the explanation to your data, and quantify what the slope tells you.
____Does the regression line seem to fit the data? Why or why not? If the data does not seem to be linear, explain if any other model seems to fit the data better.
____Are there any outliers? If so, what are they? Show your work in how you used the potential outlier formula in the Linear Regression and Correlation chapter (since you have bivariate data) to determine whether or not any pairs might be outliers.
____State the least squares line and the correlation coefficient.
____On your scatter plot, in a different color, construct the least squares line.
____Is the correlation coefficient significant? Explain and show how you determined this.
____Interpret the slope of the linear regression line in the context of the data in your project. Relate the explanation to your data, and quantify what the slope tells you.
____Does the regression line seem to fit the data? Why or why not? If the data does not seem to be linear, explain if any other model seems to fit the data better.
____Are there any outliers? If so, what are they? Show your work in how you used the potential outlier formula in the Linear Regression and Correlation chapter (since you have bivariate data) to determine whether or not any pairs might be outliers.
英語のヒント
____ 別紙にデータの散布図を作成せよ。両軸に名称と目盛りを付けよ。____ 最小二乗直線と相関係数を記せ。____ 散布図に別の色で最小二乗直線を描け。____ 相関係数は有意か。どのように判断したかを説明し、過程を示せ。____ 線形回帰直線の傾きを、課題のデータの状況に即して解釈せよ。説明をデータと結びつけ、傾きからわかることを数量的に述べよ。____ 回帰直線はデータに適合しているように見えるか。その理由を説明せよ。データが直線的でない場合は、ほかのモデルのほうが適合しそうかどうかを説明せよ。____ 外れ値はあるか。あるならどれか。2変量データなので、「線形回帰と相関」の章の外れ値候補の判定式を使い、どのペアが外れ値になりうるかをどのように判断したか、過程を示せ。
Part II: Univariate Data第II部：1変量データ
In this section, you will use the data for ONE variable only. Pick the variable that is more interesting to analyze. For example: if your independent variable is sequential data such as year with 30 years and one piece of data per year, your x-values might be 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, …, 2000. This would not be interesting to analyze. In that case, choose to use the dependent variable to analyze for this part of the project.
_____Summarize your data in a chart with columns showing data value, frequency, relative frequency, and cumulative relative frequency.
_____Answer the following question, rounded to two decimal places:
_____Summarize your data in a chart with columns showing data value, frequency, relative frequency, and cumulative relative frequency.
_____Answer the following question, rounded to two decimal places:
英語のヒント
この部では、1つの変数のデータだけを用いる。分析する価値がより高い変数を選べ。たとえば独立変数が年のように順に並ぶデータで、30年間について各年1個のデータがあるなら、xの値は1971、1972、1973、1974、…、2000となる。この変数の分析は興味深いものにはならない。その場合、この部では従属変数を分析すること。_____ データの値、度数、相対度数、累積相対度数の列を持つ表にデータをまとめよ。_____ 以下に、小数第2位に丸めて答えよ。
- Sample mean = ______標本平均 = ______
- Sample standard deviation = ______標本標準偏差 = ______
- First quartile = ______第1四分位数 = ______
- Third quartile = ______第3四分位数 = ______
- Median = ______中央値 = ______
- 70th percentile = ______第70パーセンタイル = ______
- Value that is 2 standard deviations above the mean = ______平均より標準偏差の2倍だけ大きい値 = ______
- Value that is 1.5 standard deviations below the mean = ______平均より標準偏差の1.5倍だけ小さい値 = ______
_____Construct a histogram displaying your data. Group your data into six to ten intervals of equal width. Pick regularly spaced intervals that make sense in relation to your data. For example, do NOT group data by age as 20-26,27-33,34-40,41-47,48-54,55-61 . . . Instead, maybe use age groups 19.5-24.5, 24.5-29.5, . . . or 19.5-29.5, 29.5-39.5, 39.5-49.5, . . .
_____In complete sentences, describe the shape of your histogram.
_____Are there any potential outliers? Which values are they? Show your work and calculations as to how you used the potential outlier formula in Descriptive Statistics (since you are now using univariate data) to determine which values might be outliers.
_____Construct a box plot of your data.
_____Does the middle 50% of your data appear to be concentrated together or spread out? Explain how you determined this.
_____Looking at both the histogram AND the box plot, discuss the distribution of your data. For example: how does the spread of the middle 50% of your data compare to the spread of the rest of the data represented in the box plot; how does this correspond to your description of the shape of the histogram; how does the graphical display show any outliers you may have found; does the histogram show any gaps in the data that are not visible in the box plot; are there any interesting features of your data that you should point out.
_____In complete sentences, describe the shape of your histogram.
_____Are there any potential outliers? Which values are they? Show your work and calculations as to how you used the potential outlier formula in Descriptive Statistics (since you are now using univariate data) to determine which values might be outliers.
_____Construct a box plot of your data.
_____Does the middle 50% of your data appear to be concentrated together or spread out? Explain how you determined this.
_____Looking at both the histogram AND the box plot, discuss the distribution of your data. For example: how does the spread of the middle 50% of your data compare to the spread of the rest of the data represented in the box plot; how does this correspond to your description of the shape of the histogram; how does the graphical display show any outliers you may have found; does the histogram show any gaps in the data that are not visible in the box plot; are there any interesting features of your data that you should point out.
_____ データを表すヒストグラムを作成せよ。等しい幅の階級を6～10個設け、データを分類せよ。データに適した、規則的な間隔の階級を選ぶこと。たとえば、年齢を20～26、27～33、34～40、41～47、48～54、55～61、…と区切ってはならない。代わりに19.5～24.5、24.5～29.5、…、または19.5～29.5、29.5～39.5、39.5～49.5、…などを用いる。_____ ヒストグラムの形を、完全な文で説明せよ。_____ 外れ値の可能性がある値はあるか。どの値か。ここでは1変量データを用いているので、「記述統計」の外れ値候補の判定式を使い、どの値が外れ値になりうるかを判断する過程と計算を示せ。_____ データの箱ひげ図を作成せよ。_____ データの中央50%は狭い範囲に集中しているか、広がっているか。どのように判断したかを説明せよ。_____ ヒストグラムと箱ひげ図の両方を見て、データの分布を論じよ。たとえば、箱ひげ図に表れた中央50%の広がりは残りのデータの広がりとどう違うか。それはヒストグラムの形の説明とどう対応するか。見つけた外れ値はグラフにどう表れるか。箱ひげ図では見えないデータの空白がヒストグラムに表れているか。指摘すべき興味深い特徴があるか、などを考えよ。