付録
Part II: Possible Distributions第II部:候補となる分布
____ Suppose that X followed the following theoretical distributions. Set up each distribution using the appropriate information from your data.
____ Uniform: X ~ U ____________ Use the lowest and highest values as a and b.
____ Normal: X ~ N ____________ Use to estimate for μ and s to estimate for σ.
____ Must your data fit one of the above distributions? Explain why or why not.
____ Could the data fit two or three of the previous distributions (at the same time)? Explain.
____ Calculate the value k(an X value) that is 1.75 standard deviations above the sample mean. k = _________ (rounded to two decimal places) Note: k = + (1.75)s
____ Determine the relative frequencies (RF) rounded to four decimal places.
____ Uniform: X ~ U ____________ Use the lowest and highest values as a and b.
____ Normal: X ~ N ____________ Use to estimate for μ and s to estimate for σ.
____ Must your data fit one of the above distributions? Explain why or why not.
____ Could the data fit two or three of the previous distributions (at the same time)? Explain.
____ Calculate the value k(an X value) that is 1.75 standard deviations above the sample mean. k = _________ (rounded to two decimal places) Note: k = + (1.75)s
____ Determine the relative frequencies (RF) rounded to four decimal places.
____ Xが次の理論分布に従うとする。データの適切な情報を用いて、それぞれの分布を定めよ。____ 一様分布:X ~ U ____________。最小値と最大値をaとbとして用いよ。____ 正規分布:X ~ N ____________。μの推定値に、σの推定値にsを用いよ。____ データは、上記のいずれかの分布に必ず適合する必要があるか。そういえる理由、またはいえない理由を説明せよ。____ データが、前述の分布の2つまたは3つに同時に適合することはありうるか。説明せよ。____ 標本平均より標準偏差の1.75倍だけ大きい値k(Xの値)を計算せよ。k = _________(小数第2位に丸める)。注:k = + (1.75)s。____ 相対度数(RF)を求め、小数第4位に丸めよ。
- RF(X < k) = ______
- RF(X > k) = ______
- RF(X = k) = ______
____ State the distribution: X ~ _________
____ Draw a graph for each of the three theoretical distributions. Label the axes and mark them appropriately.
____ Find the following theoretical probabilities (rounded to four decimal places).
____ Draw a graph for each of the three theoretical distributions. Label the axes and mark them appropriately.
____ Find the following theoretical probabilities (rounded to four decimal places).
____ 分布を記せ:X ~ _________。____ 3つの理論分布それぞれについてグラフを描け。軸の名称と適切な目盛りを付けよ。____ 以下の理論上の確率を求め、小数第4位に丸めよ。
- P(X < k) = ______
- P(X > k) = ______
- P(X = k) = ______
____ Compare the relative frequencies to the corresponding probabilities. Are the values close?
____ Does it appear that the data fit the distribution well? Justify your answer by comparing the probabilities to the relative frequencies, and the histograms to the theoretical graphs.
____ Does it appear that the data fit the distribution well? Justify your answer by comparing the probabilities to the relative frequencies, and the histograms to the theoretical graphs.
英語のヒント
____ 相対度数と対応する確率を比較せよ。値は近いか。____ データは分布によく適合しているように見えるか。確率と相対度数、ヒストグラムと理論上のグラフを比較し、答えの根拠を示せ。
Part III: CLT Experiments第III部:中心極限定理の実験
______ From your original data (before ordering), use a random number generator to pick 40 samples of size five. For each sample, calculate the average.
______ On a separate page, attached to the summary, include the 40 samples of size five, along with the 40 sample averages.
______ List the 40 averages in order from smallest to largest.
______ Define the random variable, , in words. = _______________
______ State the approximate theoretical distribution of . ~ ______________
______ Base this on the mean and standard deviation from your original data.
______ Construct a histogram displaying your data. Use five to six intervals of equal width. Label and scale it.
Calculate the value (an value) that is 1.75 standard deviations above the sample mean. = _____ (rounded to two decimal places)
Determine the relative frequencies (RF) rounded to four decimal places.
______ On a separate page, attached to the summary, include the 40 samples of size five, along with the 40 sample averages.
______ List the 40 averages in order from smallest to largest.
______ Define the random variable, , in words. = _______________
______ State the approximate theoretical distribution of . ~ ______________
______ Base this on the mean and standard deviation from your original data.
______ Construct a histogram displaying your data. Use five to six intervals of equal width. Label and scale it.
Calculate the value (an value) that is 1.75 standard deviations above the sample mean. = _____ (rounded to two decimal places)
Determine the relative frequencies (RF) rounded to four decimal places.
______ 並べ替える前の元データから、乱数生成器を使って、大きさ5の標本を40組抽出せよ。各標本の平均を計算せよ。______ まとめに添付する別紙に、大きさ5の標本40組と、それらの標本平均40個を記せ。______ 40個の平均を小さい順に並べよ。______ 確率変数を言葉で定義せよ。 = _______________。______ のおおよその理論分布を記せ。 ~ ______________。______ 元データの平均と標準偏差に基づいて定めよ。______ データを表すヒストグラムを作成せよ。等しい幅の階級を5~6個用い、軸の名称と目盛りを付けよ。標本平均より標準偏差の1.75倍だけ大きい値(の値)を計算せよ。 = _____(小数第2位に丸める)。相対度数(RF)を求め、小数第4位に丸めよ。
- RF( < ) = _______
- RF( > ) = _______
- RF( = ) = _______
Find the following theoretical probabilities (rounded to four decimal places).
以下の理論上の確率を求め、小数第4位に丸めよ。
- P( < ) = _______
- P( > ) = _______
- P( = ) = _______
______ Draw the graph of the theoretical distribution of .
______ Compare the relative frequencies to the probabilities. Are the values close?
______ Does it appear that the data of averages fit the distribution of well? Justify your answer by comparing the probabilities to the relative frequencies, and the histogram to the theoretical graph.
In three to five complete sentences for each, answer the following questions. Give thoughtful explanations.
______ In summary, do your original data seem to fit the uniform, exponential, or normal distributions? Answer why or why not for each distribution. If the data do not fit any of those distributions, explain why.
______ What happened to the shape and distribution when you averaged your data? In theory, what should have happened? In theory, would “it” always happen? Why or why not?
______ Were the relative frequencies compared to the theoretical probabilities closer when comparing the or distributions? Explain your answer.
______ Compare the relative frequencies to the probabilities. Are the values close?
______ Does it appear that the data of averages fit the distribution of well? Justify your answer by comparing the probabilities to the relative frequencies, and the histogram to the theoretical graph.
In three to five complete sentences for each, answer the following questions. Give thoughtful explanations.
______ In summary, do your original data seem to fit the uniform, exponential, or normal distributions? Answer why or why not for each distribution. If the data do not fit any of those distributions, explain why.
______ What happened to the shape and distribution when you averaged your data? In theory, what should have happened? In theory, would “it” always happen? Why or why not?
______ Were the relative frequencies compared to the theoretical probabilities closer when comparing the or distributions? Explain your answer.
______ の理論分布のグラフを描け。______ 相対度数と確率を比較せよ。値は近いか。______ 平均のデータはの分布によく適合しているように見えるか。確率と相対度数、ヒストグラムと理論上のグラフを比較し、答えの根拠を示せ。次の各問いに、3~5個の完全な文で答えよ。よく考えた説明を記すこと。______ 全体として、元データは一様分布、指数分布、正規分布に適合しているように見えるか。それぞれの分布について、適合する、または適合しないと考える理由を答えよ。どの分布にも適合しない場合は、その理由を説明せよ。______ データの平均をとると、形と分布はどうなったか。理論上はどうなるはずか。理論上、それは常に起こるか。そういえる理由、またはいえない理由を説明せよ。______ 相対度数と理論上の確率は、とのどちらの分布で比較したときに、より近かったか。答えを説明せよ。
Assignment Checklist課題の確認項目
You need to turn in the following typed and stapled packet, with pages in the following order:
____ Cover sheet: name, class time, and name of your study
____ Summary pages: These should contain several paragraphs written with complete sentences that describe the experiment, including what you studied and your sampling technique, as well as answers to all of the questions previously asked questions
____ URL for data, if your data are from the World Wide Web
____ Pages, one for each theoretical distribution, with the distribution stated, the graph, and the probability questions answered
____ Pages of the data requested
____ All graphs required
____ Cover sheet: name, class time, and name of your study
____ Summary pages: These should contain several paragraphs written with complete sentences that describe the experiment, including what you studied and your sampling technique, as well as answers to all of the questions previously asked questions
____ URL for data, if your data are from the World Wide Web
____ Pages, one for each theoretical distribution, with the distribution stated, the graph, and the probability questions answered
____ Pages of the data requested
____ All graphs required
次の書類をタイプし、以下の順に並べてホチキスでとじ、提出すること。____ 表紙:氏名、授業時間、調査の題名。____ まとめのページ:完全な文で書いたいくつかの段落から構成する。調べた内容と標本抽出の方法を含めて実験を説明し、これまでに出されたすべての問いに答えること。____ ウェブ上のデータを用いた場合は、そのURL。____ 理論分布ごとのページ:分布を明記し、グラフを示し、確率の問いへの答えを記す。____ 指定されたデータのページ。____ 必要なすべてのグラフ。