11.4 The Great Deregulation Experiment11.4 規制緩和という大実験
Learning Objectives学習目標
Learning Objectives学習目標
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
英語のヒント
この節を学ぶと、次のことができるようになる。
Evaluate the effectiveness of price regulation and antitrust policy
英語のヒント
価格規制と反トラスト政策の有効性を評価する
Explain regulatory capture and its significance
英語のヒント
規制の虜とその重要性を説明する
Governments at all levels across the United States have regulated prices in a wide range of industries. In some cases, like water and electricity that have natural monopoly characteristics, there is some room in economic theory for such regulation. However, once politicians are given a basis to intervene in markets and to choose prices and quantities, it is hard to know where to stop.
Doubts about Regulation of Prices and Quantities価格と数量の規制への疑問
Beginning in the 1970s, it became clear to policymakers of all political leanings that the existing price regulation was not working well. The United States carried out a great policy experiment—the deregulation that we discussed in Monopoly—removing government controls over prices and quantities produced in airlines, railroads, trucking, intercity bus travel, natural gas, and bank interest rates. The Clear It Up discusses the outcome of deregulation in one industry in particular—airlines.
One difficulty with government price regulation is what economists call regulatory capture, in which the firms that are supposedly regulated end up playing a large role in setting the regulations that they will follow. When the airline industry was regulated, for example, it suggested appointees to the regulatory board, sent lobbyists to argue with the board, provided most of the information on which the board made decisions, and offered well-paid jobs to at least some of the people leaving the board. In this situation, it is easy for regulators to poorly represent consumers. The result of regulatory capture is that government price regulation can often become a way for existing competitors to work together to reduce output, keep prices high, and limit competition.