第14章冷戦期の紛争Cold War Conflicts

In the immediate postwar period, Europe was the focus of U.S. anti-communist anxiety. The United States expended billions of dollars in Marshall Plan aid to stave off the expansion of communism there. It was in Asia, however, that the policy of containment was most strongly challenged.

戦後間もない時期、アメリカの反共的な不安はヨーロッパに向けられていた。アメリカはマーシャル・プランを通じて何十億ドルもの援助を注ぎ、そこでの共産主義の拡大を防ごうとした。しかし、封じ込め政策が最も厳しく試されたのはアジアだった。

Since the 1920s, two groups had contested for control of China: the Guomindang (GMD) or Nationalist Party, and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). During World War II, the GMD, led by Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) had attempted to fight the Japanese from their wartime capital in Chongqing, while the CCP led by Mao Zedong had watched from their base in Yan’an, a town in northern Shaanxi Province. When Chinese words are written using the English-language alphabet, one of two systems is typically used: pinyin or Wade-Giles. The pinyin system is the one preferred by the People’s Republic of China, and most Chinese names in this textbook are written in pinyin. An exception has been made, however, in the case of Chiang Kai-shek. The decision was made by the textbook’s editors to spell his name according to the Wade-Giles system, because this is how his name appears in most other history textbooks. Jiang Jieshi is how his name would be written in pinyin. With the exception of a brief period of truce between the two parties, the CCP and the GMD fought with one another as well.

1920年代以来、中国の支配をめぐって争ってきたのは、中国国民党（GMD）と中国共産党（CCP）という二つの勢力だった。第二次世界大戦中、蒋介石（Chiang Kai-shek／Jiang Jieshi）率いる国民党は、戦時首都の重慶から日本軍と戦おうとした。一方、毛沢東率いる共産党は、陝西省北部の町、延安の拠点から様子を見ていた。短い休戦期間を除き、国民党と共産党は互いにも戦っていた。原注：中国語を英語のアルファベットで表す際は、通常、拼音（ピンイン）かウェード式のいずれかを使う。中華人民共和国が推奨するのは拼音であり、本書の中国人名の大半も拼音表記である。ただし蒋介石は例外とした。本書の編集者は、他の歴史教科書の大半で使われる表記に合わせ、彼の名をウェード式の Chiang Kai-shek と記すことにした。拼音なら Jiang Jieshi となる。

After the surrender of Japan, the United States had attempted to broker a peace between the Guomindang and the CCP that it hoped would lead to a stable, unified China. Early efforts were successful, and an agreement was reached to create a constitutional government in China with parliamentary rule. Attempts by Chiang to enlarge the role of the GMD led the agreement to collapse, however, and both sides resumed battle. The Soviet Union covertly provided support for Mao and the CCP, and the United States assisted Chiang and the Nationalists.

日本の降伏後、アメリカは国民党と共産党の和平を仲介し、安定した統一中国へつなげようとした。初期の取り組みは成功し、議会制による立憲政府を中国に樹立する合意が成立した。しかし、蒋介石が国民党の役割を拡大しようとしたことで合意は崩れ、双方は戦闘を再開した。ソ連は秘密裏に毛沢東と共産党を支援し、アメリカは蒋介石と国民党を援助した。

At first the GMD seemed certain to win. Its forces greatly outnumbered the CCP’s, and it also had more money and controlled China’s major cities. By 1947, however, the tide had begun to turn. Despite its seeming advantages, the GMD was unpopular among much of the population. One reason was that after the war, the factories, homes, and businesses the Japanese had seized from Chinese owners came under the Nationalists’ control and remained there, alienating the urban middle class that had once supported them. In addition, the Nationalists refused to reopen many of these factories and businesses, worsening the postwar unemployment problem and driving urban workers, who already favored the communists, even further into the arms of the CCP. Ruinous hyperinflation, which the GMD was unable to control, added to the strains of urban life. Enlisted members of the Nationalist army were often underfed and scorned by their officers, and many ran away or defected to the CCP. In the countryside too, Chiang’s forces received little help from peasants, who remembered the onerous taxes the GMD had imposed on them during World War II.

当初、国民党の勝利は確実に見えた。兵力は共産党をはるかに上回り、資金も多く、中国の主要都市を支配していた。しかし1947年までには形勢が変わり始めた。表面的な優位にもかかわらず、国民党は住民の多くから支持されていなかった。理由の一つは、戦争中に日本人が中国人所有者から奪った工場、住宅、事業所を、戦後、国民党が引き続き管理したことである。かつて国民党を支持した都市中間層は、これに反発した。国民党はさらに、多くの工場や事業所の再開を拒んで戦後の失業問題を悪化させ、もともと共産党に好意的だった都市労働者を、いっそう共産党側へ追いやった。抑制できない破滅的なハイパーインフレも都市生活の苦しさを増した。国民党軍の兵士は、食糧が不足し、将校から侮られることが多く、多数が逃亡したり共産党へ寝返ったりした。農村でも、第二次世界大戦中に課された重税を覚えている農民は、蒋介石の軍にほとんど協力しなかった。

In contrast, CCP forces had been winning over the ordinary Chinese person. They pursued a vigorous policy of land reform, lowering rents and taxes and encouraging landless peasants in the areas they controlled to deprive landlords and wealthy peasants of their property. In areas where most peasants already owned land and rents were low, the CCP helped create stability by pursuing the bandits who preyed on them. Furthermore, CCP forces were disciplined and were instructed not to abuse people. Even Chinese people who did not support them could not help but notice that they were better managers than the Nationalists.

これに対し、共産党軍は一般の中国人の支持を得つつあった。土地改革を積極的に進め、小作料と税を下げ、支配地域の土地を持たない農民に、地主や富農から財産を取り上げるよう促した。すでに大半の農民が土地を持ち、小作料も低い地域では、農民を食い物にする盗賊を追い、治安の安定に役立った。さらに共産党軍は規律を保ち、住民を虐待しないよう指示されていた。共産党を支持しない中国人でさえ、国民党より統治がうまいと認めざるをえなかった。

In 1949, the CCP’s People’s Liberation Army decisively defeated the forces of the GMD, who retreated to the island of Taiwan. On October 1, 1949, Mao proclaimed the establishment of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in a ceremony in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square (Figure 14.8). The United States refused to recognize the CCP’s government as legitimate and maintained that Nationalist-led Taiwan was the “real” China. Mao was undeterred. He pledged industrial development, universal education, equality between the sexes, land reforms for peasants, and civil liberties for all, including freedom of expression. Mao and the CCP moved quickly to enact their promises, beginning immediately on the task of giving peasants ownership of the land they worked.

1949年、共産党の人民解放軍は国民党軍を決定的に破り、国民党軍は台湾へ退いた。1949年10月1日、毛沢東は北京の天安門広場で行われた式典で、中華人民共和国（PRC）の成立を宣言した（図14.8）。アメリカは共産党政府を正統と認めず、国民党率いる台湾こそが「本当の」中国だと主張し続けた。毛沢東はひるまなかった。工業の発展、教育の普及、男女平等、農民への土地改革、そして表現の自由を含むすべての人の市民的自由を約束した。毛と共産党は約束の実行に素早く着手し、まず農民へ耕作地の所有権を与える取り組みを始めた。

Among the people most affected by the establishment of the PRC were the inhabitants of Tibet. Tibet had been claimed as Chinese territory by the Qing as well as earlier dynasties, but it had gained its independence with the fall of the Qing and the establishment of the Republic of China in January 1912. In 1949, the government of Tibet informed Mao that it had no intention of being made part of China again. Its attempts to negotiate independence failed, however, and in October 1950 the PRC invaded, swiftly overwhelming Tibet’s small, poorly trained army. In 1951, representatives of the PRC and the Tibetan government signed the Seventeen Point Agreement making the region once again part of China, an event described by the CCP as the “liberation of Tibet.” In 1959, the Dalai Lama, the ruler of Tibet and leader of Tibetan Buddhism, fled to India with other members of the Tibetan government, who maintained that the agreement with China had been made under duress. In 1965 Tibet became an Autonomous Region of China, which gave it a greater degree of self-government.

中華人民共和国の成立に大きく影響された人々に、チベットの住民がいた。清朝とそれ以前の王朝はチベットを中国領と主張していたが、清朝の崩壊と1912年1月の中華民国成立に伴い、チベットは独立を得ていた。1949年、チベット政府は再び中国の一部となる意思はないと毛沢東に伝えた。しかし独立をめぐる交渉は失敗し、1950年10月、中華人民共和国が侵攻した。規模が小さく訓練の不十分なチベット軍は、たちまち圧倒された。1951年、両政府の代表は、チベットを再び中国の一部とする十七か条協定に調印した。共産党はこれを「チベット解放」と呼んだ。1959年、チベットの統治者でチベット仏教の指導者でもあるダライ・ラマは、政府の他の構成員とともにインドへ逃れた。彼らは、中国との協定は強制のもとで結ばれたと主張した。1965年、チベットは中国の自治区となり、自治の度合いが増した。

Along with making changes in China’s domestic policy, Mao also plotted a new course for China in foreign policy. In February 1950, the PRC and the Soviet Union signed the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance. Under its terms, they were to combat any renewed Japanese aggression, work to advance their mutual interests, and refrain from entering into any alliances that were hostile to the other party. All this was part of China’s new “Lean to One Side” foreign policy position, in which the country would favor socialist nations and assist those seeking to free themselves from control by imperialist powers. China soon found its new commitments tested by the need to support a fellow communist nation and counter a threat to its own borders in Korea.

毛沢東は国内政策を変えるとともに、外交でも新たな進路を定めた。1950年2月、中華人民共和国とソ連は中ソ友好同盟相互援助条約に調印した。両国は、日本が再び侵略した場合には対抗し、共通の利益を増進し、相手国に敵対する同盟には加わらないこととされた。これは中国の新しい「一辺倒」外交の一環だった。社会主義国を支持し、帝国主義諸国の支配から解放されようとする人々を助ける政策である。間もなく中国は、朝鮮で同じ共産主義国を支援し、自国の国境への脅威に対抗する必要に迫られ、この新たな約束を試されることになった。