第2章東アジアとインド洋の交流Exchange in East Asia and the Indian Ocean
Introductionはじめに
Chinese Porcelain.中国の磁器。
(credit left: modification of work “Chinese flask” by Walters Art Museum/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain; credit right: modification of work “Saucer with motifs celebrating prosperity, China” by Asian Art Museum of San Francisco/Wikimedia Commons, CC0 1.0) · Public Domain + CC0 1.0
Figure 2.1 This eighteenth-century moon-shaped porcelain flask adorned with a dragon (left) and the glazed porcelain saucer (right) were both made in Jingdezhen, in southeastern China, a center of porcelain manufacturing that created many such beautiful objects for sale in China and elsewhere. (credit left: modification of work “Chinese flask” by Walters Art Museum/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain; credit right: modification of work “Saucer with motifs celebrating prosperity, China” by Asian Art Museum of San Francisco/Wikimedia Commons, CC0 1.0)
英語のヒント
図2.1 龍で飾られた18世紀の月形の磁器の扁壺(左)と、釉薬をかけた磁器の受け皿(右)。どちらも中国南東部の景徳鎮で作られた。磁器生産の中心地だった景徳鎮は、中国国内や国外で売るために、このような美しい品々を数多く生産した。(左の出典:Walters Art Museum/Wikimedia Commons「Chinese flask」を改変。パブリックドメイン。右の出典:Asian Art Museum of San Francisco/Wikimedia Commons「Saucer with motifs celebrating prosperity, China」を改変。CC0 1.0)
The sixteenth century was a time of exploration and the beginning of global ocean trade. When European nations such as Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, England, and France were just setting out on voyages of exploration and beginning to forge maritime trade networks, a thriving oceangoing commerce was already being carried on in the Indian Ocean. From the coastal provinces of India to the Straits of Malacca and the ports of Southeast Asia, China, and Japan and back again, raw materials of great value and manufactured products of great beauty traveled (Figure 2.1). Along with them went religious beliefs, philosophies, technological developments, and other cultural influences.
英語のヒント
16世紀は探検の時代であり、世界規模の海上交易が始まった時代でもあった。スペイン、ポルトガル、オランダ、イングランド、フランスといったヨーロッパ諸国が探検航海に乗り出し、海上交易網を築き始めたころ、インド洋ではすでに海を渡る商業活動が盛んに行われていた。インドの沿岸諸州からマラッカ海峡へ、さらに東南アジア、中国、日本の港へ、そしてまた逆方向へと、大きな価値を持つ原材料や美しい工芸品が運ばれた(図2.1)。宗教上の信仰、哲学、技術上の発展、そのほかの文化的な影響も、それらとともに伝わっていった。
Timeline: Exchange in East Asia and the Indian Ocean.年表:東アジアとインド洋の交流。
(credit “1498 CE”: modification of work “Vasco de Gama” by E. Benjamin Andrews, Scribner's Sons/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain; credit “1549 CE”: modification of work “Masjid Menara Kudus” by “PL09Puryono”/Wikimedia Commons, CC0 1.0; credit “1582 CE”: modification of work “Jesuits at Akbar's court” by Chester Beatty/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain; credit “1600 CE”: modification of work “Sekigahara Kassen Byōbu-z” by The City of Gifu Museum of History/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain; credit “1653 CE”: modification of work “Taj Mahal” by David Castor/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain) · Public Domain + CC0 1.0
Figure 2.2 (credit “1498 CE”: modification of work “Vasco de Gama” by E. Benjamin Andrews, Scribner's Sons/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain; credit “1549 CE”: modification of work “Masjid Menara Kudus” by “PL09Puryono”/Wikimedia Commons, CC0 1.0; credit “1582 CE”: modification of work “Jesuits at Akbar's court” by Chester Beatty/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain; credit “1600 CE”: modification of work “Sekigahara Kassen Byōbu-z” by The City of Gifu Museum of History/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain; credit “1653 CE”: modification of work “Taj Mahal” by David Castor/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain)
図2.2 (「1498年」の出典:E. Benjamin Andrews、Scribner's Sons/Wikimedia Commons「Vasco de Gama」を改変。パブリックドメイン。「1549年」の出典:「PL09Puryono」/Wikimedia Commons「Masjid Menara Kudus」を改変。CC0 1.0。「1582年」の出典:Chester Beatty/Wikimedia Commons「Jesuits at Akbar's court」を改変。パブリックドメイン。「1600年」の出典:岐阜市歴史博物館/Wikimedia Commons「Sekigahara Kassen Byōbu-z」を改変。パブリックドメイン。「1653年」の出典:David Castor/Wikimedia Commons「Taj Mahal」を改変。パブリックドメイン)
Locator Map: Exchange in East Asia and the Indian Ocean.位置図:東アジアとインド洋の交流。
(credit: modification of work “World map blank shorelines” by Maciej Jaros/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain) · Public Domain
Figure 2.3 (credit: modification of work “World map blank shorelines” by Maciej Jaros/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain)
図2.3 (出典:Maciej Jaros/Wikimedia Commons「World map blank shorelines」を改変。パブリックドメイン)