第13章第二次世界大戦の原因と結果The Causes and Consequences of World War II
Introductionはじめに
The Battlefields of WWII.第二次世界大戦の戦場
(credit: modification of work “German troops in Russia” by National Archives at College Park/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain) · Public Domain
Figure 13.1 A German soldier prepares to throw a grenade at opposing Russian forces during Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. (credit: modification of work “German troops in Russia” by National Archives at College Park/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain)
図13.1 1941年のドイツによるソ連侵攻中、対峙するソ連軍に向けて手榴弾を投げようとするドイツ兵。(クレジット:米国国立公文書館カレッジパーク所蔵/Wikimedia Commons「German troops in Russia」を改変。パブリックドメイン)
The devastation and dislocations of World War I were so profound that much of Europe was hard-pressed to recover in its aftermath. Through the tumultuous 1920s, voters worldwide looked to authoritative leaders and parties to solve their country’s problems. This tendency spawned a new approach to governance in the form of fascism and totalitarianism, which gained power and influence in many places across the globe. The resulting regimes propelled the world to a bloodier and more devastating sequel to World War I—World War II. The second global conflict in less than half a century began with Germany’s invasion of Poland in 1939 and Britain and France’s decision to oppose it. By the summer of 1940, western Europe had fallen to German armies, and in 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union (Figure 13.1). As Europe erupted in flames, on the other side of the world, the armies of the Empire of Japan swept through Asia and the Pacific, enmeshing millions more in a brutal conflict.
英語のヒント
第一次世界大戦による破壊と社会の混乱はあまりにも深刻で、ヨーロッパの多くの地域は戦後の復興に苦しんだ。激動の1920年代を通じて、世界各地の有権者は、自国の問題を解決してくれる力強い指導者や政党を求めた。この傾向から、ファシズムや全体主義という新たな統治のあり方が生まれ、世界の多くの地域で権力と影響力を得た。こうして成立した体制は、第一次世界大戦以上に流血と破壊をもたらす続編、第二次世界大戦へと世界を押し進めた。半世紀に満たない間に二度目となる世界的な紛争は、1939年のドイツによるポーランド侵攻と、それに対抗するというイギリス・フランスの決定から始まった。1940年夏までに西ヨーロッパはドイツ軍の手に落ち、1941年にはドイツがソ連に侵攻した(図13.1)。ヨーロッパが戦火に包まれる一方、地球の反対側では大日本帝国の軍隊がアジアと太平洋を席巻し、さらに数百万人を残酷な紛争に巻き込んでいた。
Timeline: The Causes and Consequences of World War II.年表:第二次世界大戦の原因と結果
(credit “Mar 1933”: modification of work “Concentration camp dachau aerial view” by USHMM, courtesy of National Archives and Records Administration, College Park/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain; credit “Sep 1939”: modification of work “The German-soviet Invasion of Poland, 1939” by Imperial War Museums/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain; credit “Dec 1941”: modification of work “WWII Pearl Harbor Attack (286467015)” by National Archives and Records Administration/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain; credit “Feb 1942”: modification of work “Japanese internment detainees” by War Relocation Authority/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain; credit “Feb 1945”: modification of work “‘Big Three’ met at Yalta” by National Archives and Records Administration/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain; credit “Sep 1945”: modification of work “Japanese surrender, Tokyo Bay, September 2, 1945” by U.S. National Archives/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain) · Public Domain
Figure 13.2 (credit “Mar 1933”: modification of work “Concentration camp dachau aerial view” by USHMM, courtesy of National Archives and Records Administration, College Park/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain; credit “Sep 1939”: modification of work “The German-soviet Invasion of Poland, 1939” by Imperial War Museums/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain; credit “Dec 1941”: modification of work “WWII Pearl Harbor Attack (286467015)” by National Archives and Records Administration/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain; credit “Feb 1942”: modification of work “Japanese internment detainees” by War Relocation Authority/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain; credit “Feb 1945”: modification of work “‘Big Three’ met at Yalta” by National Archives and Records Administration/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain; credit “Sep 1945”: modification of work “Japanese surrender, Tokyo Bay, September 2, 1945” by U.S. National Archives/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain)
図13.2 (クレジット:「1933年3月」は米国国立公文書館カレッジパーク提供、米国ホロコースト記念博物館/Wikimedia Commons「Concentration camp dachau aerial view」を改変。「1939年9月」は帝国戦争博物館/Wikimedia Commons「The German-soviet Invasion of Poland, 1939」を改変。「1941年12月」は米国国立公文書記録管理院/Wikimedia Commons「WWII Pearl Harbor Attack (286467015)」を改変。「1942年2月」は戦時転住局/Wikimedia Commons「Japanese internment detainees」を改変。「1945年2月」は米国国立公文書記録管理院/Wikimedia Commons「‘Big Three’ met at Yalta」を改変。「1945年9月」は米国国立公文書館/Wikimedia Commons「Japanese surrender, Tokyo Bay, September 2, 1945」を改変。いずれもパブリックドメイン)
Locator Map: The Causes and Consequences of World War II.位置図:第二次世界大戦の原因と結果
(credit: modification of work “World map blank shorelines” by Maciej Jaros/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain) · Public Domain
Figure 13.3 (credit: modification of work “World map blank shorelines” by Maciej Jaros/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain)
図13.3 (出典:Maciej Jaros/Wikimedia Commons「World map blank shorelines」を改変、パブリックドメイン)