The derivative of a function is itself a function, so we can find the derivative of a derivative. For example, the derivative of a position function is the rate of change of position, or velocity. The derivative of velocity is the rate of change of velocity, which is acceleration. The new function obtained by differentiating the derivative is called the second derivative. Furthermore, we can continue to take derivatives to obtain the third derivative, fourth derivative, and so on. Collectively, these are referred to as higher-order derivatives. The notation for the higher-order derivatives of can be expressed in any of the following forms:
It is interesting to note that the notation for may be viewed as an attempt to express more compactly. Analogously,
英語のヒント
という記法は、をより簡潔に表そうとしたものと見ることができる。同様に、である。
Example 3.15例題 3.15
Finding a Second Derivative2階導関数を求める
For find
について、を求めなさい。
Solution解き方
First find
まずを求める。
Next, find by taking the derivative of
次に、を微分してを求める。
Example 3.16例題 3.16
Finding Acceleration加速度を求める
The position of a particle along a coordinate axis at time (in seconds) is given by (in meters). Find the function that describes its acceleration at time
The derivative of a function is the function whose value at is
関数の導関数とは、に対してという値を与える関数である。
The graph of a derivative of a function is related to the graph of Where has a tangent line with positive slope, Where has a tangent line with negative slope, Where has a horizontal tangent line,
If a function is differentiable at a point, then it is continuous at that point. A function is not differentiable at a point if it is not continuous at the point, if it has a vertical tangent line at the point, or if the graph has a sharp corner or cusp.
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Exercise 86問題 86
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Exercise 87問題 87
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Solution解き方
OpenStax, Rice University; Calculus Volume 1. · CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
Exercise 88問題 88
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Exercise 89問題 89
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Solution解き方
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Exercises 90–99練習問題 90–99
For the following exercises, describe what the two expressions represent in terms of each of the given situations. Be sure to include units.
次の各状況について、二つの式が何を表すか説明しなさい。必ず単位も示すこと。
Exercise 90問題 90
denotes the population of a city at time in years.
は、年を単位とする時刻における都市の人口を表す。
Exercise 91問題 91
denotes the total amount of money (in thousands of dollars) spent on concessions by customers at an amusement park.
は、遊園地の客人が売店で使う金額の総額を、千ドル単位で表す。
Solution解き方
a. Average rate at which customers spent on concessions in thousands per customer. b. Rate (in thousands per customer) at which customers spent money on concessions in thousands per customer.
denotes the total cost (in thousands of dollars) of manufacturing clock radios.
は、時計付きラジオを台製造する総費用を、千ドル単位で表す。
Exercise 93問題 93
denotes the grade (in percentage points) received on a test, given hours of studying.
は、時間勉強したときの試験の得点率を、パーセントポイントで表す。
Solution解き方
a. Average grade received on the test with an average study time between two values. b. Rate (in percentage points per hour) at which the grade on the test increased or decreased for a given average study time of hours.
denotes the cost (in dollars) of a sociology textbook at university bookstores in the United States in years since
は、年から年後に、米国の大学の書店で販売される社会学の教科書の価格を、ドル単位で表す。
Exercise 95問題 95
denotes atmospheric pressure in Torrs at an altitude of feet.
は、高度フィートにおける大気圧をTorr単位で表す。
Solution解き方
a. Average change of atmospheric pressure between two different altitudes. b. Rate (torr per foot) at which atmospheric pressure is increasing or decreasing at feet.
Sketch the graph of a function with all of the following properties:
次の性質をすべて満たす関数のグラフの概形を描きなさい。
for
では。
for
では。
and
かつ。
and
かつ。
does not exist.
は存在しない。
Exercise 97問題 97
Suppose temperature in degrees Fahrenheit at a height in feet above the ground is given by
地面からの高さフィートにおける華氏温度が、で与えられるとする。
Give a physical interpretation, with units, of
の物理的な意味を、単位も含めて説明する。
If we know that explain the physical meaning.
であると分かっているとき、その物理的な意味を説明する。
Solution解き方
a. The rate (in degrees per foot) at which temperature is increasing or decreasing for a given height b. The rate of change of temperature as altitude changes at feet is degrees per foot.
Suppose the total profit of a company is thousand dollars when units of an item are sold.
ある商品が個売れたとき、会社の総利益は千ドルになるとする。
What does for measure, and what are the units?
に対して、は何を測っているか。単位も示す。
What does measure, and what are the units?
は何を測っているか。単位も示す。
Suppose that what is the approximate change in profit if the number of items sold increases from
とする。販売個数がへ増えたとき、利益はおよそいくら変わるか。
Exercise 99問題 99
The graph in the following figure models the number of people who have come down with the flu weeks after its initial outbreak in a town with a population of citizens.
Describe what represents and how it behaves as increases.
が何を表すか、またが増えるとどう変わるかを説明する。
What does the derivative tell us about how this town is affected by the flu outbreak?
この町へのインフルエンザ流行の影響について、導関数から何が分かるか。
OpenStax, Rice University; Calculus Volume 1. · CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
Solution解き方
a. The rate at which the number of people who have come down with the flu is changing weeks after the initial outbreak. b. The rate is increasing sharply up to the third week, at which point it slows down and then becomes constant.
a. 最初の発生から週間後に、罹患者数が増える割合を表す。図では、この割合は初め大きくなり、第2週付近を境に小さくなって、やがて0に近づく。b. 最初は感染拡大が勢いを増すが、その後は新たに罹患する人数が減っていく。累計の罹患者数は減らず、およそ50,000人に近づく。