第12章線形回帰と相関
12.4 Testing the Significance of the Correlation Coefficient12.4 相関係数の有意性の検定
The correlation coefficient, r, tells us about the strength and direction of the linear relationship between x and y. However, the reliability of the linear model also depends on how many observed data points are in the sample. We need to look at both the value of the correlation coefficient r and the sample size n, together.
英語のヒント
相関係数rは、xとyの線形関係の強さと方向を示す。しかし、線形モデルの信頼性は、標本に含まれる観測データ点の数にも依存する。相関係数rと標本の大きさnの両方を一緒に見る必要がある。
We perform a hypothesis test of the "significance of the correlation coefficient" to decide whether the linear relationship in the sample data is strong enough to use to model the relationship in the population.
標本データの線形関係が、母集団の関係をモデル化するのに十分強いかを判断するため、「相関係数の有意性」の仮説検定を行う。
The sample data are used to compute r, the correlation coefficient for the sample. If we had data for the entire population, we could find the population correlation coefficient. But because we have only sample data, we cannot calculate the population correlation coefficient. The sample correlation coefficient, r, is our estimate of the unknown population correlation coefficient.
英語のヒント
標本データを使って、標本の相関係数rを計算する。母集団全体のデータがあれば、母相関係数を求められる。しかし、標本データしかないため、母相関係数は計算できない。標本相関係数rは、未知の母相関係数の推定値である。
- The symbol for the population correlation coefficient is ρ, the Greek letter "rho."母相関係数の記号はρ、ギリシャ文字の「ロー」である。
- ρ = population correlation coefficient (unknown)ρ = 母相関係数(未知)
- r = sample correlation coefficient (known; calculated from sample data)r = 標本相関係数(既知。標本データから計算する)
The hypothesis test lets us decide whether the value of the population correlation coefficient ρ is "close to zero" or "significantly different from zero". We decide this based on the sample correlation coefficient r and the sample size n.
仮説検定によって、母相関係数ρが「0に近い」のか、「0と有意に異なる」のかを判断できる。判断は標本相関係数rと標本の大きさnに基づく。
If the test concludes that the correlation coefficient is significantly different from zero, we say that the correlation coefficient is "significant."検定で相関係数が0と有意に異なると結論されたら、その相関係数を「有意」という。
- Conclusion: There is sufficient evidence to conclude that there is a significant linear relationship between x and y because the correlation coefficient is significantly different from zero.結論:相関係数が0と有意に異なるため、xとyの間に有意な線形関係があると結論する十分な証拠がある。
- What the conclusion means: There is a significant linear relationship between x and y. We can use the regression line to model the linear relationship between x and y in the population.結論の意味:xとyには有意な線形関係がある。回帰直線を使って、母集団のxとyの線形関係をモデル化できる。
If the test concludes that the correlation coefficient is not significantly different from zero (it is close to zero), we say that correlation coefficient is "not significant".検定で相関係数が0と有意に異ならない(0に近い)と結論されたら、その相関係数を「有意でない」という。
- Conclusion: "There is insufficient evidence to conclude that there is a significant linear relationship between x and y because the correlation coefficient is not significantly different from zero."結論:相関係数が0と有意に異ならないため、xとyの間に有意な線形関係があると結論する十分な証拠はない。
- What the conclusion means: There is not a significant linear relationship between x and y. Therefore, we CANNOT use the regression line to model a linear relationship between x and y in the population.結論の意味:xとyには有意な線形関係がない。したがって、回帰直線を使って母集団のxとyの線形関係をモデル化することはできない。
PERFORMING THE HYPOTHESIS TEST仮説検定を行う
- Null Hypothesis: H0: ρ = 0帰無仮説H0:ρ = 0
- Alternate Hypothesis: Ha: ρ ≠ 0対立仮説Ha:ρ ≠ 0
WHAT THE HYPOTHESES MEAN IN WORDS:仮説を文章で表すと
- Null Hypothesis H0: The population correlation coefficient IS NOT significantly different from zero. There IS NOT a significant linear relationship (correlation) between x and y in the population.帰無仮説H0:母相関係数は0と有意に異ならない。母集団のxとyには有意な線形関係(相関)がない。
- Alternate Hypothesis Ha: The population correlation coefficient IS significantly DIFFERENT FROM zero. There IS A SIGNIFICANT LINEAR RELATIONSHIP (correlation) between x and y in the population.対立仮説Ha:母相関係数は0と有意に異なる。母集団のxとyには有意な線形関係(相関)がある。
DRAWING A CONCLUSION:結論を出す
There are two methods of making the decision. The two methods are equivalent and give the same result.
英語のヒント
判断する方法は二つある。両者は同等で、同じ結果が得られる。
- Method 1: Using the p-value方法1:p値を使う
- Method 2: Using a table of critical values方法2:臨界値の表を使う
In this chapter of this textbook, we will always use a significance level of 5%, α = 0.05
本書のこの章では、常に有意水準5%、α = 0.05を用いる。