第9章規範倫理学の理論Normative Moral Theory
Summaryまとめ
The ethics of care is often associated with feminism, and its approach is modeled on a woman’s moral perspective. Psychologist Carol Gilligan’s research led to the development of care ethics. It is an approach that values caring, the relationships of the individuals involved, and the interests of individuals. Gilligan’s approach asks agents to consider the specific interests of individuals and their relationships. The ethics of care values caring and moral reasoning that accounts for the unique factors of concrete situations rather than abstraction.
ケアの倫理は、しばしばフェミニズムと結び付けられ、そのアプローチは女性の道徳的な視点をモデルとしている。心理学者キャロル・ギリガンの研究は、ケアの倫理の発展につながった。ケアすること、関わっている人々の関係、個々人の利益を重視するアプローチである。ギリガンのアプローチは、行為者に、個々人の具体的な利益や関係を考慮するよう求める。ケアの倫理は、抽象化よりも、具体的な状況に固有の要因を織り込んだケアと道徳的推論を重んじる。
Feminist scholars criticize traditional normative moral theories for ignoring the interests and perspectives of women (and oppressed groups) and for failing to consider important facts of the concrete situation and the individuals involved when applying norms or standards. They have explored alternative moral frameworks using all major approaches. A viable alternative moral framework must find ways to account for the interests of all persons, focus on the vulnerable and invisible, and lead to moral choices that advance true equality rather than only advancing the interests of the privileged.
フェミニストの研究者は、伝統的な規範的道徳理論が、女性や抑圧された集団の利益と視点を無視し、規範や基準を適用するとき、具体的な状況や関わっている人々についての重要な事実を考慮していないと批判する。主要なアプローチをすべて用いながら、代替となる道徳の枠組みを探ってきた。実行可能な代替の道徳的枠組みは、すべての人の利益を考慮する方法を見いだし、弱い立場にある人や、存在を見過ごされている人に目を向け、特権を持つ人々の利益だけを前進させるのでなく、真の平等を促す道徳的選択へと導かなければならない。
Review Questions復習問題
Why is the concept of femininity a social construct?
なぜ女性性という概念は、社会的に構築されたものなのか。
How has the treatment of the normal human in traditional ethics ignored the perspective of women?
伝統的な倫理学における標準的な人間の扱いは、女性の視点をどのように無視してきたか。
In care ethics, why is the caring relationship treated as the ethical paradigm?
ケアの倫理では、なぜケアの関係が倫理的な模範として扱われるのか。
Carol Gilligan identified the perspective of justice and the perspective of care. How do these perspectives differ?
キャロル・ギリガンは、正義の視点とケアの視点を見いだした。この二つの視点はどう異なるか。
Explain why some feminists have highlighted the important role intersectionality plays in social relations and argue it must be accounted for if we want to end inequality and correct identity-based oppression and discrimination.
一部のフェミニストが、社会関係における交差性の重要な役割を強調し、不平等をなくしてアイデンティティに基づく抑圧や差別を是正するには、それを考慮しなければならないと論じるのはなぜか。説明しなさい。
Suggested Readingさらに読むために
Aristotle. (350 BCE) 1998. Nicomachean Ethics. Translated by David Ross. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Aristotle. (350 BCE) 1998. Nicomachean Ethics. Translated by David Ross. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Beauvoir, Simone de. (1949) 2011. The Second Sex. Translated by Constance Borde and Sheila Malovany-Chevallier. New York: Vintage Books.
Beauvoir, Simone de. (1949) 2011. The Second Sex. Translated by Constance Borde and Sheila Malovany-Chevallier. New York: Vintage Books.
Bentham, Jeremy. (1789) 1907. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
Bentham, Jeremy. (1789) 1907. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
Confucius. (ca. 500 BCE) 1979. The Analects. Translated by D. C. Lau. New York: Penguin Books.
Confucius. (ca. 500 BCE) 1979. The Analects. Translated by D. C. Lau. New York: Penguin Books.
Confucius. (1938) 1994. The Wisdom of Confucius. Edited and translated by Lin Yutang. New York: Random House.
Confucius. (1938) 1994. The Wisdom of Confucius. Edited and translated by Lin Yutang. New York: Random House.
Epictetus. (135 CE) 1983. The Enchiridion. Translated by Nicolas P. White. Cambridge, MA: Hackett Publishing.
Epictetus. (135 CE) 1983. The Enchiridion. Translated by Nicolas P. White. Cambridge, MA: Hackett Publishing.
Gilligan, Carol. 1982. In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development.
Gilligan, Carol. 1982. In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Johnston, Ian. 2010. The Mozi: A Complete Translation. New York: Columbia University Press.
Johnston, Ian. 2010. The Mozi: A Complete Translation. New York: Columbia University Press.
Kant, Immanuel. (1785) 1997. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Translated by Mary Gregor. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Kant, Immanuel. (1785) 1997. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Translated by Mary Gregor. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Lao-tzu. (ca. 6th century BC) 1993. Tao Te Ching. Translated by Stephen Addiss and Stanley Lombardo. Cambridge, MA: Hackett Publishing Company.
Lao-tzu. (ca. 6th century BC) 1993. Tao Te Ching. Translated by Stephen Addiss and Stanley Lombardo. Cambridge, MA: Hackett Publishing Company.
Mill, John Stuart. (1861) 1879. Utilitarianism. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
Mill, John Stuart. (1861) 1879. Utilitarianism. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
Mill, John Stuart. (1859) 1869. On Liberty. London: Longman, Roberts, and Green Co.
Mill, John Stuart. (1859) 1869. On Liberty. London: Longman, Roberts, and Green Co.
Moore, G. E. 1903. Principia Ethica. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Moore, G. E. 1903. Principia Ethica. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Noddings, Nel. 1984. Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Noddings, Nel. 1984. Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Nussbaum, Martha. 1986. The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Nussbaum, Martha. 1986. The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Plato. Republic. (ca. 375 BCE) 1992. Translated by G. M. A. Grube. Cambridge, MA: Hackett Publishing.
Plato. Republic. (ca. 375 BCE) 1992. Translated by G. M. A. Grube. Cambridge, MA: Hackett Publishing.
Ross, W. D. 1930. The Right and the Good. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Ross, W. D. 1930. The Right and the Good. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Ross, W. D. 1939. Foundations of Ethics. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Ross, W. D. 1939. Foundations of Ethics. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
References参考文献
Beauvoir, Simone de. (1949) 2011. The Second Sex. Translated by Constance Borde and Sheila Malovany-Chevallier. New York: Vintage Books.
Beauvoir, Simone de. (1949) 2011. The Second Sex. Translated by Constance Borde and Sheila Malovany-Chevallier. New York: Vintage Books.
Gilligan, Carol. 1982. In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gilligan, Carol. 1982. In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Lindemann, Hilde, ed. 2005. An Invitation to Feminist Ethics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Lindemann, Hilde, ed. 2005. An Invitation to Feminist Ethics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
McAfee, Noëlle. 2018. “Feminist Philosophy.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Fall 2018 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/feminist-philosophy/
McAfee, Noëlle. 2018. “Feminist Philosophy.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Fall 2018 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/feminist-philosophy/
Mikkola, Mari. 2019. “Feminist Perspectives on Sex and Gender.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Fall 2019 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2019/entries/feminism-gender/
Mikkola, Mari. 2019. “Feminist Perspectives on Sex and Gender.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Fall 2019 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2019/entries/feminism-gender/
Norlock, Kathryn. 2019. “Feminist Ethics.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Summer 2019 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2019/entries/feminism-ethics/
Norlock, Kathryn. 2019. “Feminist Ethics.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Summer 2019 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2019/entries/feminism-ethics/
Sander-Staudt, Maureen. 1995. “Care Ethics.” In Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by James Fieser and Bradley Dowden. https://iep.utm.edu/care-eth/
Sander-Staudt, Maureen. 1995. “Care Ethics.” In Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by James Fieser and Bradley Dowden. https://iep.utm.edu/care-eth/
Zack, Naomi. 2005. Inclusive Feminism: A Third Wave Theory of Women's Commonality. Oxford, UK: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Zack, Naomi. 2005. Inclusive Feminism: A Third Wave Theory of Women's Commonality. Oxford, UK: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
care ethics
ケアの倫理
an approach to ethics that emphasizes the importance of subjective factors, specifics of concrete situations, and the relationships of individuals
主観的な要因、具体的な状況の細部、個々人の関係の重要性を強調する、倫理へのアプローチ。
Daoism
道家思想
a belief system developed in ancient China that encourages the practice of living in accordance with the dao, the natural way of the universe and all things
古代中国で発展した思想体系。宇宙と万物の自然な道である「道」に従って生きる実践を勧める。
essentialism
本質主義
a view that a set of characteristics makes something what it is
一組の特徴が、あるものをそのものであらしめるという見方。
ethics
倫理学
the field of philosophy that investigates morality
道徳を探究する哲学の分野。
femininity
女性性
a social construct that categorizes specific traits as female and establishes society’s expectation of women
特定の特徴を女性的なものとして分類し、社会が女性に期待するあり方を定める、社会的な構築物。
feminism
フェミニズム
a political and philosophical movement that aims to end sexism and promote social justice for women
性差別をなくし、女性にとっての社会正義を促進することを目指す政治的・哲学的な運動。
gender binarism
ジェンダー二元論
the view that each person can be categorized by one of two genders (male or female)
どの人も、男性か女性かという二つのジェンダーのいずれかに分類できるという見方。
intersectionality
インターセクショナリティ（交差性）
different aspects of identity (e.g., gender, race, sexuality, and class) that intersect in a person’s identity and define or influence their lived experience
ジェンダー、人種、セクシュアリティ、階級など、アイデンティティの異なる側面が、一人の人のアイデンティティの中で交わり、その人が生きる経験を規定したり、それに影響したりすること。
naturalism
自然主義
a belief that ethical claims can be derived from nonethical ones
倫理的な主張を、倫理的ではない主張から導けるという考え。
utilitarianism
功利主義
a type of consequentialism introduced by Jeremy Bentham and developed by John Stuart Mill
ジェレミー・ベンサムが提唱し、ジョン・スチュアート・ミルが発展させた、帰結主義の一種。
Warring States period
戦国時代
a period of widespread conflict, suffering, and social unrest in Chinese history that gave rise to highly influential philosophical approaches, including Mohism, Confucianism, and Daoism
中国史において、紛争、苦難、社会不安が広範に生じた時代。墨家、儒家、道家など、非常に影響力の大きい哲学的アプローチが生まれた。