第9章規範倫理学の理論Normative Moral Theory
Review Questions復習問題
What are the ten doctrines of Mohism?
墨家思想の十の教えとは何か。
Why is the concept of “benefit” important in Mohism?
墨家思想で「利益」という概念が重要なのはなぜか。
Bentham believed that pleasures only differ quantitatively. Mill, in contrast, believed that pleasure differ both quantitatively and qualitatively. What are the different qualities of pleasure that Mill identifies?
ベンサムは、快楽には量的な違いしかないと考えた。対してミルは、快楽には量的な違いと質的な違いの両方があると考えた。ミルが区別する快楽の質とは何か。
For utilitarians, which consequences must be considered when determining the rightness of an action?
功利主義者によれば、行為の正しさを決める際に、どの帰結を考慮しなければならないか。
What is the main difference between act and rule utilitarianism?
行為功利主義と規則功利主義の主な違いは何か。
References参考文献
Beauchamp, Tom. 2019. “The Principle of Beneficence in Applied Ethics.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Spring 2019 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/principle-beneficence/
Beauchamp, Tom. 2019. “The Principle of Beneficence in Applied Ethics.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Spring 2019 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/principle-beneficence/トム・ビーチャム「応用倫理学における善行の原理」。エドワード・N・ザルタ編『スタンフォード哲学百科事典』2019年春版所収。
Driver, Julia. 2014. “The History of Utilitarianism.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Winter 2014 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2014/entries/utilitarianism-history/
Driver, Julia. 2014. “The History of Utilitarianism.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Winter 2014 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2014/entries/utilitarianism-history/ジュリア・ドライヴァー「功利主義の歴史」。エドワード・N・ザルタ編『スタンフォード哲学百科事典』2014年冬版所収。
Durham, John. 1963. “The Influence of John Stuart Mill’s Mental Crisis on His Thoughts.” American Imago 20, no. 4 (Winter): 369–84, http://www.jstor.org/stable/26302321.
Durham, John. 1963. “The Influence of John Stuart Mill’s Mental Crisis on His Thoughts.” American Imago 20, no. 4 (Winter): 369–84, http://www.jstor.org/stable/26302321.ジョン・ダーラム「ジョン・スチュアート・ミルの精神的危機がその思想に与えた影響」。
Feagin, Susan. 1983. “Mill and Edward on Higher Pleasures.” Philosophy 58, no. 224: 244–52.
Feagin, Susan. 1983. “Mill and Edward on Higher Pleasures.” Philosophy 58, no. 224: 244–52.スーザン・フィーギン「ミルとエドワードにおける高次の快楽」。
Fraser, Chris. 2020. “Mohism.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Winter 2020 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2020/entries/mohism/
Fraser, Chris. 2020. “Mohism.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Winter 2020 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2020/entries/mohism/クリス・フレイザー「墨家思想」。エドワード・N・ザルタ編『スタンフォード哲学百科事典』2020年冬版所収。
McIntyre, Alison. 2019. “Doctrine of Double Effect.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Spring 2019 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/double-effect/
McIntyre, Alison. 2019. “Doctrine of Double Effect.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Spring 2019 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/double-effect/アリソン・マッキンタイア「二重結果の原理」。エドワード・N・ザルタ編『スタンフォード哲学百科事典』2019年春版所収。
Mill, John Stuart. (1861) 2001. Utilitarianism, edited by George Sher. 2nd edition. Cambridge, MA: Hackett Publishing Company.
Mill, John Stuart. (1861) 2001. Utilitarianism, edited by George Sher. 2nd edition. Cambridge, MA: Hackett Publishing Company.ジョン・スチュアート・ミル『功利主義』。ジョージ・シャー編、第2版。
act utilitarianism
行為功利主義
a utilitarian approach that proposes that people should apply the greatest happiness principle on a case-by-case basis
最大幸福原理を、個々のケースごとに適用するべきだとする功利主義の立場。
greatest happiness principle
最大幸福原理
a principle that holds that actions are right when they produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people
最大多数の人々に最大の幸福を生み出すとき、行為は正しいとする原理。
higher pleasures
高次の快楽
pleasures associated with the exercise of a person’s higher faculties (e.g., the use of higher cognitive faculties and/or participation in social/cultural life)
人の高次の能力の行使と結びつく快楽。たとえば、高次の認知能力の使用や社会的・文化的生活への参加に伴う快楽。
lower pleasures
低次の快楽
pleasures associated with the exercise of a person’s lower faculties (e.g., basic sensory pleasures)
人の低次の能力の行使と結びつく快楽。たとえば、基本的な感覚的快楽。
Mohism
墨家思想
a type of consequentialism established in ancient China by Mozi (ca. 430 BCE) during the Warring States period
古代中国の戦国時代に、墨子（紀元前430年ごろ）が確立した帰結主義の一種。
principle of utility
功利の原理
a principle that holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote pleasure and diminish pain
行為は、快楽を促進し苦痛を減らす傾向に比例して正しいとする原理。
rule utilitarianism
規則功利主義
a utilitarian approach that proposes that people should use the greatest happiness principle to test possible moral rules to determine whether a given rule would produce greater happiness if it were followed
最大幸福原理を使って候補となる道徳規則を試し、ある規則に従うと、より大きな幸福が生まれるかどうかを判断するべきだとする功利主義の立場。
trolley problems
トロッコ問題
classic thought experiments that use difficult ethical dilemmas to examine moral reasoning and deliberation
難しい倫理的ジレンマを用いて、道徳的推論と熟慮を検討する古典的な思考実験。