第8章信頼区間
“Plus Four” Confidence Interval for ppの「プラス4」信頼区間
There is a certain amount of error introduced into the process of calculating a confidence interval for a proportion. Because we do not know the true proportion for the population, we are forced to use point estimates to calculate the appropriate standard deviation of the sampling distribution. Studies have shown that the resulting estimation of the standard deviation can be flawed.
英語のヒント
比率の信頼区間を計算する過程には、一定の誤差が入り込む。真の母比率が分からないため、標本分布の適切な標準偏差を計算するには点推定値を使わざるをえない。研究によると、このように得られる標準偏差の推定には欠点が生じうる。
Fortunately, there is a simple adjustment that allows us to produce more accurate confidence intervals. We simply pretend that we have four additional observations. Two of these observations are successes and two are failures. The new sample size, then, is n + 4, and the new count of successes is x + 2.
英語のヒント
幸い、より正確な信頼区間を作るための簡単な調整がある。観測値がさらに4個あるとみなすだけでよい。そのうち2個を成功、2個を失敗とする。すると、新しい標本の大きさはn + 4、成功回数はx + 2となる。
Computer studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of this method. It should be used when the confidence level desired is at least 90% and the sample size is at least ten.
コンピューターによる研究で、この方法の有効性が示されている。希望する信頼水準が90%以上、標本の大きさが10以上の場合に使うべきである。
Example 8.12例題 8.12
A random sample of 25 statistics students was asked: “Have you smoked a cigarette in the past week?” Six students reported smoking within the past week. Use the “plus-four” method to find a 95% confidence interval for the true proportion of statistics students who smoke.
統計学の学生25人の無作為標本に「この1週間にたばこを吸ったか」と尋ねた。6人が、過去1週間に吸ったと答えた。「プラス4」法を使い、喫煙する統計学の学生の真の比率の95%信頼区間を求めよ。
Solution解き方
Six students out of 25 reported smoking within the past week, so x = 6 and n = 25. Because we are using the “plus-four” method, we will use x = 6 + 2 = 8 and n = 25 + 4 = 29.
25人中6人が過去1週間に喫煙したと答えたので、x = 6、n = 25である。「プラス4」法を使うため、x = 6 + 2 = 8、n = 25 + 4 = 29を用いる。
Since CL = 0.95, we know α = 1 – 0.95 = 0.05 and = 0.025.
CL = 0.95なので、α = 1 − 0.95 = 0.05、 = 0.025と分かる。
– EBP = 0.276 – 0.163 = 0.113
− EBP = 0.276 − 0.163 = 0.113
+ EBP = 0.276 + 0.163 = 0.439
We are 95% confident that the true proportion of all statistics students who smoke cigarettes is between 0.113 and 0.439.
統計学の全学生のうち喫煙する人の真の比率は0.113から0.439の間にあると、95%の信頼度でいえる。
Solution解き方
Using the Calculator電卓の操作
Try Itやってみよう
Out of a random sample of 65 first-year students at State University, 31 students have declared a major. Use the “plus-four” method to find a 96% confidence interval for the true proportion of first-year students at State University who have declared a major.
英語のヒント
州立大学の1年生65人の無作為標本のうち、31人が専攻を届け出ていた。「プラス4」法を使い、同大学の1年生のうち専攻を届け出た人の真の比率の96%信頼区間を求めよ。
Example 8.13例題 8.13
A marketing research firm conducted a survey regarding the potential purchase of electric vehicles among adults aged 18–29. In a group of 50 adults aged 18–29, 13 of them reported they would consider the purchase of an electric vehicle. Use the “plus four” method to find a 90% confidence interval for the true proportion of adults aged 18–29 who would consider the purchase of an electric vehicle.
市場調査会社が、18~29歳の成人の電気自動車の購入可能性を調査した。50人中13人が、電気自動車の購入を検討すると答えた。「プラス4」法を使い、この年齢層で電気自動車の購入を検討する人の真の比率の90%信頼区間を求めよ。
Solution解き方
Using “plus-four,” we have x = 13 + 2 = 15 and n = 50 + 4 = 54.
「プラス4」法により、x = 13 + 2 = 15、n = 50 + 4 = 54となる。
Since CL = 0.90, we know α = 1 – 0.90 = 0.10 and = 0.05.
CL = 0.90なので、α = 1 − 0.90 = 0.10、 = 0.05と分かる。
– EBP = 0.278 – 0.100 = 0.178
− EBP = 0.278 − 0.100 = 0.178
+ EBP = 0.278 + 0.100 = 0.378
We are 90% confident that between 17.8% and 37.8% of adults aged 18–29 would consider the purchase of an electric vehicle.
18~29歳の成人の17.8%から37.8%が電気自動車の購入を検討すると、90%の信頼度でいえる。
Solution解き方
Using the Calculator電卓の操作
Press
STAT and arrow over to TESTS. Arrow down to
A:1-PropZint. Press ENTER. Arrow down to x and enter 15.
Arrow down to n and enter 54.
Arrow down to
C-Level and enter 0.90. Arrow down to Calculate and press
ENTER. The confidence interval is (0.178, 0.378).
STATを押し、TESTSへ移動する。下のA:1-PropZintへ進み、ENTERを押す。xに15、nに54、C-Levelに0.90を入力する。下のCalculateへ進み、ENTERを押す。信頼区間は(0.178, 0.378)となる。
Try Itやってみよう
The survey referenced in Example 8.13 talked to adults aged 18–29 in smaller focus groups but also interviewed additional individuals over the phone. When the study was complete, 588 adults aged 18–29 had answered the question about their potential purchase of an electric vehicle with 159 saying that they would consider such a purchase. Use the “plus-four” method to find a 90% confidence interval for the true proportion of adults aged 18–29 who would consider the purchase of an electric vehicle based on this larger sample. Compare the results to those in Example 8.13.