第14章サイバー資源の品質とサイバーコンピューティングのガバナンス

Any ecosystem that houses AR/VR technologies will always struggle with ease-of-use issues. The TRM stresses that accessibility to any platform must be made easy. New technology introduced through the IoT presents challenges for AR/VR platform issues. The headsets needed for most AR/VR technology cannot be worn to walk around. They are usually meant to be worn safely away from obstacles the individual might encounter or trip over. This virtual platform may be easy to manipulate in the device, but the hardware is bulky and often clumsy. Wearing AR/VR gloves to interact with computer systems is a nice feature when the individual can use them fully.

Using AR/VR technologies to assist individuals who have disabilities is a major reason to invent the technology and push the boundaries of the technology.

IoT platform challenges are equal to that of cloud technologies. The main challenges are bandwidth, storage, and infrastructure. There is a need for bandwidth that is more significant than 5G technology for all communications. The use of fiber optic communication greatly increases the rate of data transfer, but many times, the network is left to backhaul the network. Backhauling the network directs traffic to a longer out-of-the-way route to perform load balancing on the network, help prioritize important data, and send the data to the most direct route. Using backhauling for data that are not as important as primary communication is a reasonable workaround for having poor network bandwidth.

The infrastructure challenges are constantly being evaluated. The need to move all devices to the IPv6 protocol in the TCP/IP network layer away from IPv4 provides its challenges. The move to different IP settings is small compared to Internet provider (ISP) issues. Many ISP providers share mediums, but many others install their networks. These independent networks do not communicate; therefore, all information must go to large data centers, which can then be sent from there. This forces central offices and organizations to be formed to handle data warehousing. This introduces the challenge of central locations to IoT. There needs to be enough data centers close enough to each other to have data transmitted quickly and without any transmission issues. Network and mobile device security always needs to be addressed. The attack vectors created by the IoT increase with every new device created.

The biggest issue with data storage is the physical need required for the data storage. Data warehousing and data mining have become their distinct area of the industry. The sheer amount of data collected becomes unimaginable. The average person in North America has over thirteen devices that have telecommunication needs.⁹ It is reported that each household in the United States has over eight IoT devices.¹⁰ There is a constant increase in the number of IoT devices in households. This means that there is a direct corollary with the number or size of the data center needed to provide proper services to these devices.

A serious challenge that needs to be addressed immediately is the standards and requirements for IoT platforms. ISO/IEC standard 31041 addresses the IoT and reference architecture. This standard helps smooth over a seamless connection with the intent of being safer. The framework that this standard is a good starting point, but the challenge is the implementation of the standard. It is not a requirement for companies to use. ISO/IEC 27400 family addresses IoT security and data privacy guidelines, but nothing is forcing a company to use or address these standards.

Blockchain platforms suffer from availability/scalability challenges directly associated with the TRM model. All blockchain platforms can only process so many transactions per second. If the data the blockchain received are greater than the computational capabilities, then the computational ability of the platform slows down and gives the impression of being offline. Blockchains tend to be more secure than traditional computer systems because most systems are distributed. Many are based in the cloud. A distributed and cloud-based platform will always be directly affected by availability and scalability issues. Most blockchains have strong cryptographic principles, strengthening the TRMs assurance and integrity issues.

The TRMs ease-of-use plays an important role in the challenges with blockchain. Many owners of blockchains become landlords to data mining infrastructure, facing challenges to cryptocurrencies and other dilemmas on how the information will be disseminated. The ease-of-use challenge is that while crypto-currencies are relatively easy to use, their values fluctuate greatly, and people do not trust transactions based on fictional money. The different blockchain software packages do not always communicate well with each other, making transaction processing difficult at times. A challenge introduced by cryptocurrencies is the issue of auditing and transaction analysis. Individuals in charge of the blockchain can control what data are collected and what they will do with it. While this does not directly play into the ease of use, you must adhere to the owners’ rules, and they can make it as easy or difficult as they wish for you to use their software.

Blockchain platforms also face challenges in terms of adaptability and interoperability. Although the World Wide Web seems to have been around for an eternity, blockchain concepts pre-date it. Cryptographical secured chains were discussed in the early 1990s by Stuart Haber and W. Scott Stornetta—the idea is that cryptographic hashes could be broken up into “blocks” to be transmitted. Choosing the size of the block and communicating these blocks has always been a challenge. The argument of what form of cryptography, or the process of using codes to protect data and other information, is the best and what the best ways of transmitting the information remain challenging to all blockchains. These different modes of transmission and the different cryptography used challenge adaptability and interoperability.