第1章哲学入門Introduction to Philosophy
Review Questions復習問題
What are five sources of evidence commonly used in philosophy? Which of these are empirical? Which do not require observation or experiment?
哲学で一般に使われる証拠の源を五つ挙げよう。このうち、経験的なものはどれか。観察や実験を必要としないものはどれか。
What are three techniques used in conceptual analysis? Explain how they work.
概念分析に使われる技法を三つ挙げ、それぞれの仕組みを説明しよう。
What is coherence? What does it mean for a set of beliefs or statements to be coherent?
整合性とは何か。信念や命題の集まりが整合的であるとは、どういう意味か。
What do philosophers mean by intuition?
哲学者が直観という言葉で意味するのは、何か。
What are thought experiments?
思考実験とは何か。
References参考文献
Descartes, René. “The Rules for the Direction of the Mind.” The Philosophical Writings of Descartes. Translated and edited by John Cottingham, Robert Stoothoff, and Dugald Murdoch, 7–78. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
Descartes, René. “The Rules for the Direction of the Mind.” The Philosophical Writings of Descartes. 訳・編：John Cottingham, Robert Stoothoff, and Dugald Murdoch, 7–78. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
Moore, G. E. 1939. “Proof of an External World.” Proceedings of the British Academy 25:273–300.
Moore, G. E. 1939. “Proof of an External World.” Proceedings of the British Academy 25:273–300.
Zhang, Fenzhi. 2015. Xi Jinping: How to Read Confucius and Other Chinese Classical Thinkers. Beijing: CN Times Books.
Zhang, Fenzhi. 2015. Xi Jinping: How to Read Confucius and Other Chinese Classical Thinkers. Beijing: CN Times Books.
Argument
論証
a set of sentences, where some of those sentences (called premises) provide support for another sentence, called the conclusion.
一連の文からなるまとまりで、その一部の文、すなわち前提が、結論と呼ばれる別の文を支えるもの。
Coherence
整合性
a situation in which it is possible for a set of beliefs or statements to be true at the same time.
一連の信念や命題が、同時に真でありうること。
Common sense
常識
knowledge primarily derived from perception that seems clearly or obviously true.
主として知覚から得られ、明らかに、あるいは自明に真と思われる知識。
Conceptual analysis
概念分析
the process of taking apart and making sense of sentences or claims by examining their component parts.
文や主張の構成部分を調べることによって、それらを分解し、理解する過程。
Definite description
確定記述
a method of conceptual analysis that substitutes a descriptive phrase that uniquely identifies the object or thing named for an object term or proper name.
対象を指す語や固有名を、その対象または名づけられたものを一意に特定する記述句に置き換える、概念分析の方法。
Enumeration
枚挙
the listing of the component parts of a concept, notion, or thing.
概念、観念、ものの構成部分を、一つずつ挙げること。
Experimental philosophy
実験哲学
philosophy that uses methods from experimental science to test claims made in philosophy.
実験科学の方法を使って、哲学上の主張を検証する哲学。
Intuition
直観
certain and evident cognition; the kind of knowledge that is so clear that it seems impossible for it to be false.
確実で明白な認識。あまりに明らかであるため、偽であることが不可能に思えるような知識。
Logic
論理学
the formalization of reasoning.
推論を形式化すること。
Predicate
述語
the portion of a sentence that provides the description or characterization of an object or name. (A philosophical predicate is different from the predicate of grammar, and their definitions should not be confused.)
対象や名前について、記述や特徴づけを与える文の部分。哲学的な述語は文法上の述語とは異なるので、その定義を混同してはならない。
Reflective equilibrium
反省的均衡
a process of reviewing a theoretical position by going back and forth between the theory and its practical applications. This process seeks coherence between theory and practice.
理論とその実際の応用との間を行き来することで、理論的な立場を検討し直す過程。理論と実践の整合性を求める。
Thought experiment
思考実験
an imaginative scenario that tests some philosophical theory or concept by considering how it might apply in the imagined situation.
想像した状況の中で、ある哲学的な理論や概念がどのように適用されるかを考え、それを試すための想像上の状況設定。