第1章哲学入門Introduction to Philosophy
Summaryまとめ
The word “philosophy” derives from ancient Greek, in which the philosopher is a lover or pursuer (philia) of wisdom (sophia). The earliest Greek philosophers were not known as philosophers; they were simply known as sages. The sage tradition is a largely prehistoric tradition that provides a narrative about how intellect, wisdom, piety, and virtue lead to the innovations central to the flourishing of ancient civilizations. Particularly in Greece, the sage tradition blends into a period of natural philosophy, where ancient scientists or philosophers try to explain nature using rational methods.
philosophyという言葉は古代ギリシャ語に由来し、そこでは哲学者は知恵（sophia）を愛する者、あるいは求める者（philia）である。最初期のギリシャの哲学者たちは哲学者とは呼ばれず、単に賢者として知られていた。賢者の伝統はその大部分が先史時代に属し、知性、知恵、敬虔さ、徳が、古代文明の繁栄の中核をなす革新にどうつながるかを物語る。とりわけギリシャでは、この伝統は、古代の科学者や哲学者が合理的な方法で自然を説明しようとする、自然哲学の時代へと連続している。
Wilfrid Sellars emphasizes that philosophy’s goal is to understand a very wide range of topics—in fact, the widest possible range. That is to say, philosophers are committed to understanding everything insofar as it can be understood. A philosopher chooses to study things that are informative and interesting—things that provide a better understanding of the world and our place in it. To make judgments about which areas are interesting or worthy of study philosophers need to cultivate a special skill. Sellars describes this philosophical skill as a kind of know-how. Philosophical know-how has to do with knowing your way around the world of concepts and being able to understand and think about how concepts connect, link up, support, and rely upon one another—in short, how things hang together.
ウィルフリド・セラーズは、哲学の目標が非常に幅広い主題、実際には可能なかぎり最も広範な主題を理解することだと強調している。つまり哲学者は、理解できるかぎりのすべてを理解しようとする。哲学者は、有益で興味深く、世界とその中での私たちの位置をよりよく理解させてくれる事柄を研究対象に選ぶ。どの領域が興味深く、研究に値するかを判断するには、特別な技能を養う必要がある。セラーズはこの哲学的な技能を、一種のノウハウと述べている。哲学的なノウハウとは、概念の世界に通じ、概念どうしがどのようにつながり、結びつき、支え合い、依存し合うか――つまり物事がどう関連し合うか――を理解し、考えられることである。
Review Questions復習問題
What are some common characteristics of ancient sages in the Greek, Indian, and Chinese traditions?
ギリシャ、インド、中国の伝統における古代の賢者には、どのような共通の特徴があるか。
What characteristics are essential for being identified as a “sage”?
「賢者」と認められるためには、どのような特徴が欠かせないか。
What is the connection between sages and philosophers?
賢者と哲学者は、どのようにつながっているか。
Provide one example of an ancient philosopher or sage who was doing something like natural science. What made this philosopher’s activity scientific?
自然科学に似たことを行っていた古代の哲学者または賢者の例を一つ挙げよう。その哲学者の活動は、どのような点で科学的だったのか。
What does it mean for philosophy to “have an eye on the whole”? How is this different from other disciplines?
哲学が「全体を見渡す」とはどういう意味か。その点は、ほかの学問とどう異なるか。
Why is it necessary for philosophers to discard suppositions or assumptions that may be acceptable in other disciplines?
哲学者はなぜ、ほかの学問では受け入れられるかもしれない想定や前提を、捨て去らなければならないのか。
References参考文献
Adler, Joseph A. 2006. “Daughter/Wife/Mother or Sage/Immortal/Bodhisattva? Women in the Teaching of Chinese Religions.” ASIANetwork Exchange 14 (2): 11–16.
Adler, Joseph A. 2006. “Daughter/Wife/Mother or Sage/Immortal/Bodhisattva? Women in the Teaching of Chinese Religions.” ASIANetwork Exchange 14 (2): 11–16.
Cheng, Julia. 1983. “The Ancient Sages (sheng): Their Identity and Their Place in Chinese Intellectual History.” Oriens Extremus 30:1–18.
Cheng, Julia. 1983. “The Ancient Sages (sheng): Their Identity and Their Place in Chinese Intellectual History.” Oriens Extremus 30:1–18.
Diogenes Laërtius. (1925) 1972. Lives of Eminent Philosophers. Translated by R. D. Hicks. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons. http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0004.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.prologue
Diogenes Laërtius. (1925) 1972. Lives of Eminent Philosophers. 訳：R. D. Hicks. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons. http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0004.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.prologue
Oruka, Henry Odera. 1990. Sage Philosophy: Indigenous Thinkers and Modern Debate on African Philosophy. Nairobi: African Center for Technological Studies (ACTS) Press; also published by Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
Oruka, Henry Odera. 1990. Sage Philosophy: Indigenous Thinkers and Modern Debate on African Philosophy. Nairobi: African Center for Technological Studies (ACTS) Press; 別の刊行元：Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
Plato. Apology. Translated by Benjamin Jowett. http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/apology.html.
Plato. Apology. 訳：Benjamin Jowett. http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/apology.html.
———. The Republic. Translated by Allan Bloom. New York: Basic Books, 1968.
———. The Republic. 訳：Allan Bloom. New York: Basic Books, 1968.
Rout, Naresh. 2016. “Role of Women in Ancient India.” Odisha Review, 72 (6): 42–47.
Rout, Naresh. 2016. “Role of Women in Ancient India.” Odisha Review, 72 (6): 42–47.
Sellars, Wilfred. 1962. “Philosophy in the Scientific Image of Man.” In Frontiers of Science and Philosophy, edited by Robert Colodny, 35–78. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh.
Sellars, Wilfred. 1962. “Philosophy in the Scientific Image of Man.” In Frontiers of Science and Philosophy, 編：Robert Colodny, 35–78. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh.
Waithe, Mary Ellen, ed. 1987. A History of Women Philosophers, Vol. I: Ancient Women Philosophers, 600 BC–500 AD. Boston, MA: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Waithe, Mary Ellen, ed. 1987. A History of Women Philosophers, Vol. I: Ancient Women Philosophers, 600 BC–500 AD. Boston, MA: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Milesians
ミレトス学派
a school of early philosophers from Miletus; followers of Thales. They were known for examining the underlying causes of natural phenomena.
ミレトス出身の初期の哲学者たちによる学派で、タレスの後継者たち。自然現象の根底にある原因を調べたことで知られる。
Philosophy
哲学
the “love of wisdom.” An academic discipline that attempts to grasp the broadest possible understanding of things. It is characterized by rational explanation and a willingness to question assumptions.
「知恵を愛すること」。物事について可能なかぎり最も広い理解を得ようとする学問。合理的な説明と、前提を進んで問い直す姿勢によって特徴づけられる。
Sage
賢者
a wise person. Many ancient cultures designated important wise figures as “sages.”
知恵のある人。多くの古代文化は、知恵を持つ重要な人物を「賢者」と呼んだ。
Sanatana dharma
サナータナ・ダルマ
the core or absolute set of moral and religious duties ordained for all people of ancient India, regardless of class or caste, and that predate the term Hinduism.
階級やカーストを問わず、古代インドのすべての人に定められた、根本的または絶対的な道徳上・宗教上の務め。「ヒンドゥー教」という呼び名が生まれるより前から存在する。