第8章価値論Value Theory
Everyday Aesthetics日常美学
While many approaches to aesthetics focus on works of art and artistic creations, you can find aesthetically significant objects, experiences, and practices all around you. Everyday aesthetics asserts the prevalence of aesthetically meaningful experiences in one’s ordinary day-to-day life—for example, listening to the rain fall on a roof, admiring the pattern of leaves on the ground, and even choosing what shirt to wear or how to decorate your living spaces.
英語のヒント
美学への多くの取り組み方は、芸術作品や芸術的創造に焦点を当てる。しかし、美的に意味ある物、経験、実践は、身の回りの至るところで見つけられる。日常美学は、普通の日々の生活に、美的に意味ある経験が広く存在すると主張する。たとえば、屋根に降る雨の音を聞くこと、地面に散った葉の模様を眺めること、さらには、どのシャツを着るか、生活空間をどう飾るかを選ぶことなどである。
Japanese aesthetics is a rich source of inspiration for everyday aesthetics. Japanese aesthetics often incorporates Zen Buddhism to encourage mindful attention to the beauty of things around us. Additionally, Japanese aesthetics focuses on the small and impermanent, such as cherry blossoms and tea ceremonies, as opposed to the large-scale grandiose “masterpieces” favored by traditional European aesthetics. As Japanese scholar Okakura Kakuzo (1863 – 1913) explains in The Book of Tea, Japanese tea ceremonies are “founded on the adoration of the beautiful among the sordid facts of everyday existence” (Kakuzo [1906] 1956, 3). In Japanese culture, everyday aesthetic practices are a moral and religious form of self-cultivation.
英語のヒント
日本の美学は、日常美学にとって豊かな着想の源である。日本の美学は、身の回りのものの美に、心を向けて注意を払うことを促すため、禅仏教を取り入れることが多い。また、伝統的なヨーロッパ美学が好む、大規模で壮大な「傑作」と対照的に、日本の美学は、桜の花や茶の湯のような、小さく移ろいやすいものに焦点を当てる。日本の学者・岡倉覚三（1863–1913）が『茶の本』で説明するように、日本の茶の湯は「日々の暮らしの卑俗な事実のただ中にある、美しいものへの崇敬に基づく」（Kakuzo [1906] 1956, 3）。日本文化では、日常の美的実践は、道徳的・宗教的な自己修養の一形態である。
Contemporary Japanese American philosopher Yuriko Saito’s approach to everyday aesthetics brings Japanese aesthetics and environmental aesthetics together to address the moral dimensions of aesthetics and its impact on the world. She explains that everyday aesthetics decenters works of art in ways that broaden people’s discussions and help them understand the way questions of taste and beauty enrich their lives and impact the environment (Saito 2007). By focusing on the many aesthetic dimensions of life, people can examine what they value.
英語のヒント
現代の日系アメリカ人哲学者・斎藤百合子の日常美学への取り組みは、日本の美学と環境美学を結びつけ、美学の道徳的側面と、世界への影響を扱う。彼女によれば、日常美学は芸術作品を中心から外すことで、人々の議論を広げ、趣味や美の問題が人生をどう豊かにし、環境にどう影響するかを理解する助けとなる（Saito 2007）。人生の多くの美的側面に焦点を当てることで、人は何を大切にしているかを検討できる。
Value theory gives people tools for identifying, formulating, and questioning the values that are important to them as individuals and as a society. Even if you never take another philosophy course, you can use these ideas to think about your choices in life, what you desire or find pleasurable and good, and how you define well-being or a just society.
英語のヒント
価値論は、人が個人として、また社会として大切にする価値を見いだし、明確に述べ、問い直すための道具を与える。たとえ今後、哲学の授業を二度と受けなくても、これらの考えを使って、人生での選択、何を望み、何を快く、よいと感じるか、ウェルビーイングや公正な社会をどう定義するかを考えられる。
Summaryまとめ
Aesthetics is an area of value theory that examines how we evaluate works of art and other aesthetic experiences in nature and our everyday lives. For ancient philosophers like Plato, Aristotle, and Plotinus, beauty is a quality of an object. In contrast, Enlightenment philosophers argue that beauty is a subjective judgment. Aesthetic theory also examines how we make judgments about art. Studying aesthetics can lay bare what societies value, how they express that value, and who gets to create values.
美学は価値論の一領域であり、芸術作品や、自然・日常生活の中でのその他の美的経験を、私たちがどのように評価するかを検討する。プラトン、アリストテレス、プロティノスのような古代の哲学者にとって、美は対象の性質である。対照的に、啓蒙期の哲学者は、美は主観的判断だと論じる。美学の理論は、私たちが芸術についてどのように判断するかも検討する。美学の研究は、社会が何に価値を認め、その価値をどう表現し、誰が価値を作り出す立場にあるかを明らかにしうる。
Review Questions復習問題
What is Plato’s concept of beauty? Why does it make sense within the ancient Greek art world?
プラトンの美の概念はどのようなものか。古代ギリシアの芸術の世界では、なぜその概念が理解しやすいのか。
What is Hume’s concept of beauty?
ヒュームの美の概念はどのようなものか。
What is Kant’s concept of aesthetic judgment?
カントの美的判断の概念はどのようなものか。
According to Sibley, how do people justify aesthetic judgments?
シブリーによれば、人は美的判断をどのように正当化するか。
What is the intentional fallacy? Why is limiting the meaning of a work of art to the artist’s intention a problem?
意図の誤謬とは何か。芸術作品の意味を作者の意図に限定することは、なぜ問題なのか。
How is art related to environmentalism?
芸術は環境主義とどのように関係するか。
How does feminism use art?
フェミニズムは芸術をどのように用いるか。
What is everyday aesthetics? How is it related to Japanese aesthetics?
日常美学とは何か。それは日本の美学とどのように関係するか。
Suggested Reading発展のための読書案内
Freeland, Cynthia. 2001. But Is It Art? An Introduction to Art Theory. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Freeland, Cynthia. 2001. But Is It Art? An Introduction to Art Theory. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Mason, Elinor. 2018. “Value Pluralism.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta, Spring 2018 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2018/entries/value-pluralism
Mason, Elinor. 2018. “Value Pluralism.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 所収。Edward N. Zalta編、2018年春版。Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2018/entries/value-pluralism
Mills, Charles. 1997. The Racial Contract. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Mills, Charles. 1997. The Racial Contract. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Schroeder, Mark. 2021. “Value Theory.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta, Fall 2021 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/value-theory/
Schroeder, Mark. 2021. “Value Theory.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 所収。Edward N. Zalta編、2021年秋版。Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/value-theory/
Zimmerman, Michael J., and Ben Bradley. 2019. “Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Value.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta, Spring 2019 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/value-intrinsic-extrinsic
Zimmerman, Michael J., and Ben Bradley. 2019. “Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Value.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 所収。Edward N. Zalta編、2019年春版。Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/value-intrinsic-extrinsic
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Everyday aesthetics
日常美学
an approach to aesthetic theory that focuses on aesthetically meaningful experiences in people’s ordinary day-to-day lives.
人々の普通の日々の生活にある、美的に意味ある経験に焦点を当てる、美学の理論への取り組み方。
Intentional fallacy
意図の誤謬
the faulty argument that the intention of the artist determines the meaning of the work of art.
作者の意図が芸術作品の意味を決めるという、誤った論証。