第4章古典哲学の成立The Emergence of Classical Philosophy

Summaryまとめ

Greek and Roman imperialism in the Middle East and North Africa brought Jews—and later, Christians—into the intellectual sphere of Hellenism. Jewish and later Christian scholars incorporated ideas of classical Greek and Roman philosophy into their own theological studies. As Arab conquerors and traders expanded into the Middle East and Africa, the Muslim world adopted and advanced classical philosophy and the natural sciences. Yet a tension at all times runs through these works as philosophers tried to balance theological revelation and freedom of intellectual exploration. Unlike the classical Greek and Roman philosophers, the Jewish, Christian, or Muslim philosopher always works with a partner, the events and facts central to the religion. It is only in the early modern age that philosophers replace the primacy of God as the source of truth with reason.

中東と北アフリカでギリシアとローマが帝国を拡大したことで、ユダヤ教徒、そして後にはキリスト教徒が、ヘレニズムの知的世界に組み込まれた。ユダヤ教の学者、そして後にはキリスト教の学者が、古典ギリシア・ローマ哲学の考えを、自らの神学研究に取り入れた。アラブの征服者や商人が中東とアフリカへ進出するにつれて、イスラーム世界は古典哲学と自然科学を採用し、発展させた。しかし、哲学者たちが神学的啓示と知的探究の自由との釣り合いを取ろうとするなかで、これらの著作には常に緊張関係が貫かれている。古典ギリシア・ローマの哲学者とは異なり、ユダヤ教徒・キリスト教徒・ムスリムの哲学者は、常にある相手とともに仕事をする。その相手は、宗教の中心にある出来事や事実である。哲学者が、真理の源としての神の優位に代えて理性を置くのは、近世初期になってからである。

Review Questions復習問題

How is Jewish, Christian, and Muslim philosophy different from classical philosophy?

ユダヤ教・キリスト教・イスラームの哲学は、古典古代の哲学とどのように異なるか。

How did Philo of Alexandria develop Plato and Aristotle’s ideas to explain the creation?

アレクサンドリアのフィロンは、創造を説明するために、プラトンとアリストテレスの考えをどのように発展させたか。

How did Ibn Sina’s scientific approach differ from that of the Aristotle and the Epicureans?

イブン・スィーナーの科学的な方法は、アリストテレスやエピクロス派の方法とどのように異なっていたか。

Suggested Readings参考となる文献

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Logos

ロゴス

the thoughts of God, which according to Philo of Alexandria serve as the means by which God creates the physical world.

神の思考。アレクサンドリアのフィロンによれば、神が物質世界を創造する際の手段となる。