第11章政治哲学Political Philosophy
Summaryまとめ
Political ideology refers to beliefs about the ways in which society should be governed. Generally, this includes beliefs about what rights and responsibilities individuals have as well as how goods and resources should be distributed. Often, individuals will hold similar views in some respects, and likewise, many ideologies have features in common. This can make it difficult to create sharp distinctions between them. However, because ideological beliefs influence the actions of those who hold positions of authority in a society, it is important to attempt to understand their major underlying features. Some of the most common ideologies fall under the umbrellas of egalitarianism and conservatism, including liberalism, socialism, and anarchism, among others.
政治イデオロギーとは、社会をどのように統治すべきかについての信念を指す。一般に、個人がどのような権利と責任をもつか、財と資源をどのように分配すべきかについての信念を含む。人々はある点では似た見解をもつことが多く、同様に、多くの思想には共通する特徴がある。そのため、それらの間を明確に区別することは難しい場合がある。しかし、思想上の信念は、社会で権威ある地位を占める人々の行動に影響するため、その主要な基礎的特徴を理解しようとすることが重要である。最も一般的な思想のいくつかは、平等主義や保守主義という大きな枠内に位置づけられ、自由主義、社会主義、無政府主義などが含まれる。
Review Questions復習問題
What does John Stuart Mill consider to be real freedom?
ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは、何を本当の自由と捉えるか。
What does negative liberty mean in the political sense?
政治的な意味で、消極的自由とは何か。
What two principles does John Rawls say should govern society?
ジョン・ロールズは、どの二つの原理が社会を支配すべきだと言うか。
What is the focus of egalitarian movements?
平等主義の運動は、何に焦点を当てるか。
Where do anarchists believe disorder comes from?
無政府主義者は、無秩序がどこから生じると考えるか。
Why does Karl Marx believe workers are alienated from their labor?
カール・マルクスは、労働者が自分の労働から疎外されるのはなぜだと考えるか。
Suggested Reading発展のための読書案内
Arendt, Hannah. 1951. The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
Arendt, Hannah. 1951. The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
Betz, Margaret. 2020. “The Spectre of Nat Turner: A Philosophical Analysis of the Legitimacy of Resistance Violence.” Social Philosophy Today 36:179–194. https://doi.org/10.5840/socphiltoday2020122876.
Betz, Margaret. 2020. “The Spectre of Nat Turner: A Philosophical Analysis of the Legitimacy of Resistance Violence.” Social Philosophy Today 36:179–194. https://doi.org/10.5840/socphiltoday2020122876.
Butterworth, Charles E. 2011. “Arabic Contributions to Medieval Political Theory.” In The Oxford Handbook of the History of Political Philosophy, edited by George Klosko. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199238804.003.0011.
Butterworth, Charles E. 2011. “Arabic Contributions to Medieval Political Theory.” The Oxford Handbook of the History of Political Philosophy 所収。George Klosko編。Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199238804.003.0011.
King, L. W., trans. 2008. “The Code of Hammurabi.” The Avalon Project. Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School. https://avalon.law.yale.edu/ancient/hamframe.asp.
King, L. W.訳。2008. “The Code of Hammurabi.” The Avalon Project. Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School. https://avalon.law.yale.edu/ancient/hamframe.asp.
Thoreau, Henry David. 1983. Walden; and, Civil Disobedience. Introduction by Michael Meyer. New York: Penguin Books.
Thoreau, Henry David. 1983. Walden; and, Civil Disobedience. Michael Meyer序論。New York: Penguin Books.
Townsend, Mary. 2017. The Woman Question in Plato’s Republic. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Townsend, Mary. 2017. The Woman Question in Plato’s Republic. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Tylor, Edward B. 1964. Researches into the Early History of Mankind and the Development of Civilization. Edited by Paul Bohannan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Tylor, Edward B. 1964. Researches into the Early History of Mankind and the Development of Civilization. Paul Bohannan編。Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
References参考文献
Ackelsberg, Martha A. 1985. “‘Separate and Equal’? Mujeres Libres and Anarchist Strategy for Women’s Emancipation.” Feminist Studies 11 (1): 63–83. https://doi.org/10.2307/3180133.
Ackelsberg, Martha A. 1985. “‘Separate and Equal’? Mujeres Libres and Anarchist Strategy for Women’s Emancipation.” Feminist Studies 11 (1): 63–83. https://doi.org/10.2307/3180133.
Berlin, Isaiah. 1969. “Two Concepts of Liberty.” In Four Essays on Liberty, 118–172. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Berlin, Isaiah. 1969. “Two Concepts of Liberty.” Four Essays on Liberty 所収、118–172。Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fiala, Andrew. 2021. “Anarchism.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta, Winter 2021 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/anarchism/.
Fiala, Andrew. 2021. “Anarchism.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 所収。Edward N. Zalta編、2021年冬版。Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/anarchism/.
Goldman, Emma. 1917. “The Psychology of Political Violence.” In Anarchism and Other Essays, 3rd rev. ed. New York: Mother Earth Publishing. https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/goldman/works/1917/political-violence.htm.
Goldman, Emma. 1917. “The Psychology of Political Violence.” Anarchism and Other Essays 所収、第3改訂版。New York: Mother Earth Publishing. https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/goldman/works/1917/political-violence.htm.
hooks, bell. 2000. Feminism Is for Everybody: Passionate Politics. London: Pluto Press.
hooks, bell. 2000. Feminism Is for Everybody: Passionate Politics. London: Pluto Press.
Marx, Karl. (1887) 1977. The Process of Production of Capital. Vol. 1 of Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, edited by Frederick Engels, translated by Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling. Moscow: Progress Publishers. https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/index.htm.
Marx, Karl. (1887) 1977. The Process of Production of Capital. Capital: A Critique of Political Economy 第1巻。Frederick Engels編、Samuel Moore、Edward Aveling訳。Moscow: Progress Publishers. https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/index.htm.
Marx, Karl. (1932) 1959. “Estranged Labour.” In Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, translated by Martin Milligan. Moscow: Progress Publishers. https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/manuscripts/labour.htm.
Marx, Karl. (1932) 1959. “Estranged Labour.” Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 所収。Martin Milligan訳。Moscow: Progress Publishers. https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/manuscripts/labour.htm.
Mill, John Stuart. (1869) 2018. On Liberty. 4th ed. London: Longman, Roberts, & Green; Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Mill/mlLbty.html.
Mill, John Stuart. (1869) 2018. On Liberty. 第4版。London: Longman, Roberts, & Green; Econlib. https://www.econlib.org/library/Mill/mlLbty.html.
Moseley, Alexander. n.d. “Political Philosophy: Methodology.” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Accessed December 7, 2021. https://iep.utm.edu/polphil/.
Moseley, Alexander. 年不詳。“Political Philosophy: Methodology.” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy。2021年12月7日閲覧。https://iep.utm.edu/polphil/.
Nussbaum, Martha C. 2000. Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Nussbaum, Martha C. 2000. Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Olsaretti, Serena. 2018. “Introduction: The Idea of Distributive Justice.” In The Oxford Handbook of Distributive Justice, edited by Serena Olsaretti. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199645121.013.38.
Olsaretti, Serena. 2018. “Introduction: The Idea of Distributive Justice.” The Oxford Handbook of Distributive Justice 所収。Serena Olsaretti編。Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199645121.013.38.
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph. (1849) 2012. “The Nature and Destination of Government.” Translated by Samuel Webb. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon: Father of Anarcho-Mutualism. Marxists Internet Archive. https://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/proudhon/1849/government.htm.
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph. (1849) 2012. “The Nature and Destination of Government.” Samuel Webb訳。Pierre-Joseph Proudhon: Father of Anarcho-Mutualism. Marxists Internet Archive. https://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/proudhon/1849/government.htm.
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph. 1875. Pornocracy, or Women in Modern Times. Paris: Librarie Internationale, A. Lacroix et Ce, éditeurs. https://books.google.com/books?id=g9bVX0rJkTAC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false.
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph. 1875. Pornocracy, or Women in Modern Times. Paris: Librarie Internationale, A. Lacroix et Ce, éditeurs. https://books.google.com/books?id=g9bVX0rJkTAC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false.
Rawls, John. 1999. A Theory of Justice. Rev. ed. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Rawls, John. 1999. A Theory of Justice. 改訂版。Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Robeyns, Ingrid, and Morten Fibieger Byskov. 2021. “The Capability Approach.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta, Winter 2021 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/capability-approach/.
Robeyns, Ingrid, and Morten Fibieger Byskov. 2021. “The Capability Approach.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 所収。Edward N. Zalta編、2021年冬版。Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/capability-approach/.
Spooner, Lysander. 1870. The Constitution of No Authority. No Treason no. 6 (3). Boston. https://files.libertyfund.org/files/2194/Spooner_1485_Bk.pdf.
Spooner, Lysander. 1870. The Constitution of No Authority. No Treason no. 6 (3). Boston. https://files.libertyfund.org/files/2194/Spooner_1485_Bk.pdf.
Viereck, Peter, Terence Ball, Richard Dagger, and Kenneth Minogue. 2021. “Conservatism.” Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, last modified May 17, 2021. https://www.britannica.com/topic/conservatism.
Viereck, Peter, Terence Ball, Richard Dagger, and Kenneth Minogue. 2021. “Conservatism.” Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica、最終更新2021年5月17日。https://www.britannica.com/topic/conservatism.
Ahimsa
アヒンサー
a foundational principle in Indian philosophy to refrain from harming oneself or others.
自分自身や他者を傷つけることを控える、インド哲学の基本原理。
Alienation
疎外
in Marxism, the estrangement of workers from their work and from themselves due to capitalist exploitation.
マルクス主義において、資本家の搾取によって、労働者が自らの労働と自分自身から切り離されること。
Anarchism
無政府主義
a state of no governance or political oversight.
統治や政治的監督がない状態。
Aristocracy
貴族階級
a class of people considered to be elite members of society.
社会のエリートとされる人々の階級。
Capital
資本
money and commodities.
貨幣と商品。
Democracy
民主制
government either by elected representatives of the people or directly by the people themselves.
人民が選挙で選んだ代表者、または人民自身によって直接行われる統治。
Divine rule
神授の支配
a doctrine of political authority in which the legitimacy of the monarch or ruler is derived from the will of the divine.
君主や統治者の正統性は、神的なものの意志に由来するとする、政治的権威についての教え。
Egalitarianism
平等主義
the notion that all individuals enjoy equal status and moral worth and that any legitimate system of government should reflect this in its policies and procedures.
すべての個人が平等な地位と道徳的価値をもち、いかなる正統な統治制度も、政策や手続きにこのことを反映すべきだという考え。
Legitimacy
正統性
in governance, acceptance of one’s right to rule by the people being ruled.
統治において、統治される人々が、ある者の統治権を受け入れること。
Mohism
墨家
the philosophy of the Chinese philosopher Mozi or the teachings of the Mozi, a book thought to be a collection of writings by followers of Mozi’s teachings.
中国の哲学者・墨子の哲学、または、その教えに従う人々の著作を集めたものと考えられる書物『墨子』の教え。
Monarchy
君主制
a system of rule by one individual, who usually inherits their position.
通常、地位を継承する一人の個人による統治制度。
Natural law
自然法
moral law naturally intuited by humankind, according to the rationality given to them by God.
神から与えられた理性に従って、人類が自然に直観する道徳法。
Negative liberty
消極的自由
a state in which one is neither constrained to act nor obligated to refrain from acting in a specific way.
特定の仕方で行動するよう強制されず、行動を控えるよう義務づけられてもいない状態。
Political philosophy
政治哲学
the branch of philosophy that investigates concepts of justice and legitimacy as well as the relationships among political systems, governments, and the people.
正義や正統性の概念、ならびに政治制度、政府、人民の間の関係を探究する哲学の一分野。
Social contract
社会契約
an agreement among members of society to cooperate and allow some limits of their natural rights in exchange for protection and mutual benefits provided by government.
政府が提供する保護と相互の利益と引き換えに、協力し、自分たちの自然権への一定の制限を認める、社会の成員間の合意。
Totalitarianism
全体主義
a system of government that exercises complete control over its people in terms of both their personal and their public lives.
人々の私生活と公的生活の両方について、完全な統制を行う統治制度。
Veil of ignorance
無知のヴェール
an imagined scenario in which a person deliberately remains unaware of any personal traits and does not know what social, political, or economic group they are in.
自分の個人的特性を意図的に知らないままにし、どの社会的、政治的、経済的集団に属するかを知らない、想像上の状況。