第6章形而上学Metaphysics

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Anatman

無我（アナートマン）

a Buddhist concept of the self as no-self (as not retaining identity through time).

自己を無我、すなわち時間を通じて同一性を保たないものとする仏教の概念。

Actuality

現実態

in Aristotelian thought, the level to which a being has realized its purpose.

アリストテレスの思想で、存在者がその目的をどの程度実現しているかを表すもの。

Compatibilism

両立論

the view that a lack of freedom for the human moral agent is compatible with moral culpability for that same agent.

人間という道徳的行為者に自由がないことは、その同じ行為者に道徳的責任があることと両立するという見解。

Cosmological argument

宇宙論的論証

a type of argument for the existence of God based upon consideration of cosmic causality.

宇宙の因果性を検討することに基づく、神の存在についての論証の一種。

Determinism

決定論

the belief that human actions are governed by the laws of nature.

人間の行為は自然法則に支配されているという考え。

Dualism

二元論

a view that posits two types of being in order to account fully for the nature of the thing under scrutiny.

検討するものの本性を十分に説明するために、二種類の存在を措定する見解。

Libertarianism

自由意志論

within the problem of freedom, the view that human actions are freely chosen and outside of the causality that governs natural objects.

自由の問題において、人間の行為は自由に選ばれ、自然的対象を支配する因果性の外にあるという見解。

Metaphysics

形而上学

the field of philosophy concerned with identifying that which is real.

何が実在するのかを見定めることに関わる哲学の分野。

Monism

一元論

the view that reality is comprised of one fundamental type of being.

実在は一つの根本的な種類の存在から成るという見解。

Naturalism

自然主義

the rejection of any non-natural or appeal to supernatural explanatory concepts within philosophy.

哲学の内部で、非自然的なものや超自然的な説明概念への訴えを退けること。

Ontological argument

存在論的論証

an argument for the existence of God built upon a consideration of the attribute of God’s existence.

神が存在するという属性の検討に基づく、神の存在についての論証。

Ontology

存在論

a field within metaphysics dedicated to the study of being.

存在の研究を専門とする、形而上学の一分野。

Particular

個別者

when discussing being, the instance of a specific being.

存在を論じる際、特定の存在者の個々の具体例。

Physicalism

物理主義

the notion that being is material or physical.

存在は物質的、または物理的であるという考え。

Pluralism

多元論

asserts that fundamental reality consists of many types of being.

根本的な実在は、多くの種類の存在から成ると主張する立場。

Potentiality

可能態

in Aristotelian thought, the level to which a being’s purpose might reach.

アリストテレスの思想で、存在者の目的が到達しうる水準。

Substance

実体

the most enduring and underlying reality of a thing; from the Latin substantiaI or that which supports a thing.

ものの最も持続的で、その根底にある実在。ものを支えるものを意味するラテン語 substantia に由来する。

Teleological argument

目的論的論証

an argument for the existence of God based upon the presence of ends (goals or purpose) as observed within nature.

自然の中に観察される目的、すなわち目標や目的性の存在に基づく、神の存在についての論証。

Universal

普遍者

when discussing being, a reality or concept that accounts for the shared whatness of a specific type of being.

存在を論じる際、特定の種類の存在者に共有される「何であるか」を説明する実在または概念。