プリンキピア

第10章応用倫理学Applied Ethics

Summaryまとめ

Although business and information technology (IT) ethics raise broad issues such as corporate responsibility and the potential dangers of artificial intelligence, a great deal of work in these subfields serves to support the development and implementation of codes of ethics that organizations use to guide the conduct of their members. The relationships between firms and their employees and between firms and shareholders is an important area of focus in business ethics. This section also explores important issues related to equality with a discussion of the important ethical issues related to affirmative action in university admissions and the hiring process. Finally, ethical issues pertaining to emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence are considered.

ビジネス倫理と情報技術(IT)の倫理は、企業の責任や人工知能が持つ潜在的な危険など、広い問題を提起する。同時に、これらの分野では、組織が構成員の行動を導くための倫理綱領について、その策定と実施を支える仕事も数多く行われている。会社と従業員の関係、会社と株主の関係は、ビジネス倫理学の重要な関心領域である。この節では、大学入学や採用におけるアファーマティブ・アクションの重要な倫理的問題を論じ、平等に関わる問題も探究した。最後に、人工知能のような新たな技術に関する、倫理的な問題を検討した。

Review Questions確認問題

In Milton Friedman’s view, what is the moral responsibility of businesses?

ミルトン・フリードマンの見方では、企業の道徳的責任は何か。

What are shareholders?

株主とは何か。

What are stakeholders?

利害関係者とは何か。

How does Norman Bowie characterize meaningful work?

ノーマン・ボウイは、意味のある仕事を、どのような特徴を持つものとして説明するか。

What are some reasons cited by philosophers to support the morality of affirmative action?

アファーマティブ・アクションの道徳性を支持するために、哲学者が挙げる理由には何があるか。

What is the difference between strong AI and weak AI?

強いAIと弱いAIの違いは何か。

Suggested Readingさらに読むために

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Meaningful work

意味のある仕事

work that is at the same time understood as an end and a possessor of moral status.

それ自体が目的であり、道徳的な地位を持つものとして、同時に理解される仕事。

Shareholders

株主

individuals who own a share of a corporation.

会社の持分を所有する個人。

Somatic cell interventions

体細胞への介入

genetic interventions in which genetic changes cannot be inherited or passed to a patient’s offspring.

遺伝的な変化が遺伝せず、患者の子どもへ伝わることのない、遺伝子への介入。

Stakeholders

利害関係者

any individual who has a stake in a business’s operations.

企業の事業活動に利害を持つ、あらゆる個人。

Strong artificial intelligence

強い人工知能

machines that perform multiple cognitive tasks like humans but at a very rapid pace (machine speed).

人間のように複数の認知的課題を行い、しかも機械の速度で、非常に速く処理する機械。

Weak artificial intelligence

弱い人工知能

machines that perform primarily one task, such as Apple’s Siri or social media bots.

AppleのSiriやソーシャルメディアのボットのように、主として一つの課題を行う機械。