第3章世界各地における哲学の起源The Early History of Philosophy around the World

Summaryまとめ

Early Chinese writings show the beginnings of the theory of yin and yang, the two fundamental forces that are characterized as male and female, dark and light, inactivity and activity. In Confucianism, the five constant virtues are benevolence (ren), righteousness (yi), propriety (li), wisdom (zhi), and trustworthiness (xin). The unifying theme among Daoist religions is a focus on a naturalistic, nontheological view of the underlying basis for morality and goodness. The general moral guidance of Daoism involves becoming aware of the dao, or the natural way of things, and ensuring that one’s actions don’t oppose those natural forces.

初期の中国文献には、男性と女性、暗さと明るさ、不活動と活動として特徴付けられる、二つの根本的な力である陰陽の理論の始まりが見られる。儒教の五常の徳は、仁（慈しみ）、義（正しさ）、礼（礼節）、智（知恵）、信（信頼に値すること）である。道家に関わる諸宗教に共通する主題は、道徳と善の根底の基盤について、自然主義的で、神学によらない見方に焦点を当てることである。道家思想の一般的な道徳的導きは、道、すなわち万物の自然な道筋に気づき、自らの行動がそれら自然の力に逆らわないようにすることである。

The most central doctrine of Mohist philosophy is the principle that every human being is valued equally in the eyes of heaven (tian). In contrast to Confucius, who emphasized the importance of care with distinctions, Mozi advanced the doctrine of inclusive care, following the principle that every human being has equal value in the eyes of heaven. The doctrine of inclusive care leads directly to the doctrine of anti-aggression because the greatest threat to human well-being and care is mutual aggression and war.

墨家哲学の最も中心的な教説は、天から見ればすべての人間は等しく価値があるという原理である。区別のある配慮の重要性を強調した孔子と対照的に、墨子は、天から見たすべての人間の価値は等しいという原理に従い、兼愛の教説を提唱した。兼愛の教説は、非攻の教説へ直接つながる。人間のよい生と配慮にとって最大の脅威は、相互の攻撃と戦争だからである。

Review Questions復習問題

Why is Confucianism considered a conservative philosophy?

儒教はなぜ、保守的な哲学と考えられるのだろうか。

What are the five constant virtues in Confucianism?

儒教における五常の徳とは何だろうか。

What is the relational and communal character of Confucian ethics?

儒教倫理の関係的・共同体的な性格とは、どのようなものだろうか。

What are the legacies of Confucianism and Mohism, and what factors might explain this?

儒教と墨家はどのような遺産を残しており、どのような要因がそれを説明できるだろうか。

What is the most central doctrine of Mohism, and how does it contrast to Confucian ethics?

墨家の最も中心的な教説は何であり、それは儒教倫理とどのように対照をなすだろうか。

In what way can Daoism be seen as a rejection of Confucianism?

道家思想は、どのような点で儒教の拒絶とみなせるだろうか。

What are unifying themes within Daoism?

道家思想を一つにまとめる主題には、何があるだろうか。

Suggested Readingsさらに読むために

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Confucius. 2015. The Analects of Confucius: An Online Teaching Translation. Translated by Robert Eno. Self-published, IUScholarWorks. https://hdl.handle.net/2022/23420.孔子『論語』の教育用英訳。Robert Eno訳。

Eno, Robert, trans. 2010. Daodejing. Self-published, IUScholarWorks. https://hdl.handle.net/2022/23426.

Eno, Robert, trans. 2010. Daodejing. Self-published, IUScholarWorks. https://hdl.handle.net/2022/23426.Robert Enoによる『道徳経』英訳。

Fasola, Awo Fategbe Fatunmbi. 2014. The Holy Odu: A Collection of Verses from the 256 Odu Ifa with Commentary. Self-published, CreateSpace.

Fasola, Awo Fategbe Fatunmbi. 2014. The Holy Odu: A Collection of Verses from the 256 Odu Ifa with Commentary. Self-published, CreateSpace.256のオドゥ・イファから詩句を集め、注釈を加えた書物。

Bellah, Robert N. 1967. “Civil Religion in America.” Dædalus 96 (1): 1–21. http://www.robertbellah.com/articles_5.htm

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Blainey, Marc G. (2010). “Deciphering Ancient Maya Ethno-metaphysics: Conventional Icons Signifying the ‘King-as-Conduit’ Complex.” Time and Mind: The Journal of Archaeology, Consciousness and Culture 3 (3): 267–289. https://doi.org/10.2752/175169610X12754030955896.古代マヤの民族形而上学と「導管としての王」を表す図像について。

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Eno, Robert, trans. 2010. Daodejing. Self-published, IUScholarWorks. https://hdl.handle.net/2022/23426.

Eno, Robert, trans. 2010. Daodejing. Self-published, IUScholarWorks. https://hdl.handle.net/2022/23426.Robert Enoによる『道徳経』英訳。

Eno, Robert, trans. 2019. Zhuangzi: The Inner Chapters. Self-published, IUScholarWorks. https://hdl.handle.net/2022/23427.

Eno, Robert, trans. 2019. Zhuangzi: The Inner Chapters. Self-published, IUScholarWorks. https://hdl.handle.net/2022/23427.Robert Eno訳『荘子』内篇。

Fasola, Awo Fategbe Fatunmbi. 2014. The Holy Odu: A Collection of Verses from the 256 Odu Ifa with Commentary. Self-published, CreateSpace.

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Fraser, Chris. 2020b. “Mohist Canons.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Winter 2020 ed. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2020/entries/mohist-canons/.

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Fung Yu-lan. 1952. A History of Chinese Philosophy. Translated by Derk Bodde. Vol. 1, The Period of the Philosophers (from the Beginnings to circa 100 BC). London: George Allen & Unwin.

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Goldin, Paul R. 2018. “Xunzi.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Fall 2018 ed. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/xunzi/.「荀子」。Edward N. Zalta編『スタンフォード哲学百科事典』2018年秋版。

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Herbjørnsrud, Dag. 2020. “The Untold History of India’s Vital Atheist Philosophy.” Blog of the APA, American Philosophical Association. June 16, 2020. https://blog.apaonline.org/2020/06/16/the-untold-history-of-indias-vital-atheist-philosophy/.「知られざるインドの重要な無神論哲学の歴史」。アメリカ哲学会のブログ、2020年6月16日。

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Confucianism

儒教

a normative moral theory developed in ancient China during the Warring States period that proposes that the development of individual character is key to the achievement of an ethical and harmonious society.

戦国時代の古代中国で発展した規範的な道徳理論。倫理的で調和した社会の実現には、個人の人格を育てることが重要だと提唱する。

Dao

道

in Confucianism, ethical principles or a path by which to live; in Daoism, the natural way of the universe and all things.

儒教では、倫理的な原理、あるいはそれに従って生きる道筋。道家思想では、宇宙と万物の自然な道筋。

Daoism

道家思想

a belief system developed in ancient China that encourages the practice of living in accordance with the dao, the natural way of the universe and all things.

古代中国で発展した信念体系。宇宙と万物の自然な道筋である道に従って生きる実践を勧める。

Filial piety

孝

the ethical obligation of children to their parents.

子どもが親に対して負う倫理的な義務。

Junzi

君子

in Confucianism, a person who is an exemplary ethical figure and lives according to the dao.

儒教において、倫理的な模範となり、道に従って生きる人物。

礼

rituals and practice that develop a person’s ethical character as they interact with others.

人が他者と関わる中で、その倫理的な人格を育てる儀礼と実践。

Mohism

墨家思想

a type of consequentialism established in ancient China by Mozi during the Warring States period.

戦国時代の古代中国で、墨子が打ち立てた帰結主義の一種。

Ren

仁

a central concept in Confucianism that refers either to specific virtues or to someone with complete virtue.

儒教の中心的な概念で、特定の徳、あるいは完全な徳を備えた人を指す。

Skepticism

懐疑論

a philosophical position that claims people do not know things they ordinarily think they know.

人々は、普通知っていると思っていることを、実は知らないと主張する哲学的立場。

Wuwei

無為

a natural way of acting that is spontaneous or immediate, in which a person’s actions are in harmony with the flow of nature or existence.

自然発生的、あるいは直接的な行動のあり方。人の行動が、自然や存在の流れと調和する。

Yin and yang

陰と陽

an explanation of natural phenomena through two fundamental forces, the male yin and the female yang.

男性的な陰と女性的な陽という、二つの根本的な力によって自然現象を説明すること。

Virtue ethics

徳倫理学

an approach to normative ethics that focuses on character.

人格に焦点を当てる、規範倫理学へのアプローチ。