プリンピキア

第4章一次関数Linear Functions

4.1 一次関数

Writing and Interpreting an Equation for a Linear Function一次関数の方程式を書き、それを読み取る

Recall from Equations and Inequalities that we wrote equations in both the slope-intercept form and the point-slope form. Now we can choose which method to use to write equations for linear functions based on the information we are given. That information may be provided in the form of a graph, a point and a slope, two points, and so on. Look at the graph of the function f in Figure 7.

「方程式と不等式」で、傾き切片形と点傾き形の両方で方程式を書いたのを思い出そう。これで、与えられた情報に応じて、一次関数の方程式を書くのにどちらの方法を使うかを選べる。その情報はグラフ、点と傾き、二点などの形で与えられる。図7の関数 f のグラフを見よ。

This graph shows a linear function graphed on an x y coordinate plane. The x axis is labeled from negative 2 to 8 and the y axis is labeled from negative 1 to 8. The function f is graph along the points (0, 7) and (4, 4).

We are not given the slope of the line, but we can choose any two points on the line to find the slope. Let’s choose (0,7) and (4,4).

直線の傾きは与えられていないが、直線上のどの二点を選んでも傾きを求められる。(0,7)(4,4) を選ぼう。

m = y 2 y 1 x 2 x 1 = 47 40 = 3 4

Now we can substitute the slope and the coordinates of one of the points into the point-slope form.

これで傾きと、一方の点の座標を点傾き形に代入できる。

yy 1 = m(xx 1 ) y4 = 3 4 (x4)

If we want to rewrite the equation in the slope-intercept form, we would find

方程式を傾き切片形で書き直したいなら、次のようになる。

y4 = 3 4 (x4) y4 = 3 4 x+3 y = 3 4 x+7

If we want to find the slope-intercept form without first writing the point-slope form, we could have recognized that the line crosses the y-axis when the output value is 7. Therefore, b=7. We now have the initial value b and the slope m so we can substitute m and b into the slope-intercept form of a line.

点傾き形を書かずに傾き切片形を求めたいなら、出力値が7のときに直線が y軸と交わることに気づけばよかった。よって b=7. である。これで初めの値 b と傾き m が分かったので、mb を直線の傾き切片形に代入できる。

This image shows the equation f of x equals m times x plus b. It shows that m is the value negative three fourths and b is 7. It then shows the equation rewritten as f of x equals negative three fourths times x plus 7.

So the function is f(x)=3 4 x+7, and the linear equation would be y=3 4 x+7.

よってこの関数は f(x)=3 4 x+7 であり、一次方程式は y=3 4 x+7. となる。

How To 手順

Given the graph of a linear function, write an equation to represent the function.

一次関数のグラフが与えられたとき、その関数を表す方程式を書く。

1. Identify two points on the line.2. Use the two points to calculate the slope.3. Determine where the line crosses the y-axis to identify the y-intercept by visual inspection.4. Substitute the slope and y-intercept into the slope-intercept form of a line equation.

1. 直線上の二点を見つける。2. その二点を使って傾きを計算する。3. 直線が y軸と交わるところを目で見て、y切片を見つける。4. 傾きと y切片を直線の方程式の傾き切片形に代入する。

Example 5例5

Writing an Equation for a Linear Function一次関数の方程式を書く

Write an equation for a linear function given a graph of f shown in Figure 8.

図8に示した f のグラフから、一次関数の方程式を書け。

This figure shows an increasing function graphed on an x y coordinate plane. The x axis is labeled from negative 10 to 10. The y axis is labeled from negative 10 to 10. The function passes through the points (0, 2) and (-2, -4). These points are not labeled on this graph.

Solution 解答

Identify two points on the line, such as (0,2) and (−2,−4). Use the points to calculate the slope.

直線上の二点、たとえば (0,2)(−2,−4) を見つける。その点を使って傾きを計算する。

m = y 2 y 1 x 2 x 1 = −42 −20 = −6 −2 = 3

Substitute the slope and the coordinates of one of the points into the point-slope form.

傾きと、一方の点の座標を点傾き形に代入する。

yy 1 = m(xx 1 ) y(−4) = 3(x(−2)) y+4 = 3(x+2)

We can use algebra to rewrite the equation in the slope-intercept form.

代数を使って、方程式を傾き切片形で書き直せる。

y+4 = 3(x+2) y+4 = 3x+6 y = 3x+2

Analysis 考察

This makes sense because we can see from Figure 9 that the line crosses the y-axis at the point ( 0,2 ), which is the y-intercept, so b=2.

図9から、直線が y軸と点 ( 0,2 ) で交わることが分かるので、これは理にかなっている。これが y切片であり、よって b=2. である。

This figure shows an increasing function graphed on an x y coordinate plane. The x axis is labeled from negative 10 to 10. The y axis is labeled from negative 10 to 10. The function passes through the points (0, 2) and (-2, -4). These points are labeled on this graph.

Example 6例6

Writing an Equation for a Linear Cost Function費用を表す一次関数の方程式を書く

Suppose Ben starts a company in which he incurs a fixed cost of $1,250 per month for the overhead, which includes his office rent. His production costs are $37.50 per item. Write a linear function C where C( x ) is the cost for x items produced in a given month.

Ben が会社を始め、事務所の家賃を含む間接費として月々1,250ドルの固定費がかかるとしよう。製造費は1個あたり37.50ドルである。ある月に x 個作ったときの費用を C( x ) として、一次関数 C を書け。

Solution 解答

The fixed cost is present every month, $1,250. The costs that can vary include the cost to produce each item, which is $37.50. The variable cost, called the marginal cost, is represented by 37.5. The cost Ben incurs is the sum of these two costs, represented by C( x )=1250+37.5x.

固定費は毎月かかる1,250ドルである。変わりうる費用には1個あたりの製造費37.50ドルが入る。この変動費を限界費用といい、37.5. で表す。Ben にかかる費用はこの二つの費用の和で、C( x )=1250+37.5x と表せる。

Analysis 考察

If Ben produces 100 items in a month, his monthly cost is found by substituting 100 for x.

Ben が1か月に100個作ると、その月の費用は x に100を代入すれば求まる。

C(100) = 1250+37.5(100) = 5000

So his monthly cost would be $5,000.

よって月々の費用は5,000ドルになる。

Example 7例7

Writing an Equation for a Linear Function Given Two Points二点が与えられたとき、一次関数の方程式を書く

If f is a linear function, with f(3)=−2, and f(8)=1, find an equation for the function in slope-intercept form.

f が一次関数で f(3)=−2f(8)=1 のとき、この関数の方程式を傾き切片形で求めよ。

Solution 解答

We can write the given points using coordinates.

与えられた点を座標で書ける。

f(3) = 2(3,−2) f(8) = 1(8,1)

We can then use the points to calculate the slope.

そのうえで、点を使って傾きを計算できる。

m = y 2 y 1 x 2 x 1 = 1(−2) 83 = 3 5

Substitute the slope and the coordinates of one of the points into the point-slope form.

傾きと、一方の点の座標を点傾き形に代入する。

yy 1 = m( xx 1 ) y(−2) = 3 5 (x3)

We can use algebra to rewrite the equation in the slope-intercept form.

代数を使って、方程式を傾き切片形で書き直せる。

y+2 = 3 5 (x3) y+2 = 3 5 x9 5 y = 3 5 x19 5

Try It #3やってみよう3

If f(x) is a linear function, with f(2)=–11, and f(4)=−25, write an equation for the function in slope-intercept form.

f(x) が一次関数で f(2)=–11f(4)=−25 のとき、この関数の方程式を傾き切片形で書け。