付録A 参照用の表 Appendix A Reference Tables 原書 p.833–858 833 Reference Tables 参照用の表 FIGURE A1 Periodic Table of Elements 図A1 元素の周期表 Prefix Symbol Value Prefix Symbol Value tera T 10 12 deci d 10 –1 giga G 10 9 centi c 10 –2 mega M 10 6 milli m 10 –3 kilo k 10 3 micro µ 10 –6 hecto h 10 2 nano n 10 –9 TABLE A1 Metric Prefixes for Powers of Ten and Their Symbols 表A1 10のべきに対する接頭語とその記号 834 Prefix Symbol Value Prefix Symbol Value deka da 10 1 pico p 10 –12 10 0 femto f 10 –15 TABLE A1 Metric Prefixes for Powers of Ten and Their Symbols 表A1 10のべきに対する接頭語とその記号 Entity Abbreviation Name Fundamental units Length m meter Mass kg kilogram Time s second Current A ampere Supplementary unit Angle rad radian Derived units Force newton Energy joule Power watt Pressure pascal Frequency hertz Electronic potential volt Capacitance farad Charge coulomb Resistance ohm Magnetic field tesla Nuclear decay rate becquerel TABLE A2 SI Units 表A2 SI単位 Length 1 inch (in.) = 2.54 cm (exactly) 1 foot (ft) = 0.3048 m 1 mile (mi) = 1.609 km TABLE A3 Selected British Units 表A3 主なヤード・ポンド法の単位 835 Force 1 pound (lb) = 4.448 N Energy 1 British thermal unit (Btu) = 1.055 × 10 3 J Power 1 horsepower (hp) = 746 W Pressure 1 lb/in 2 = 6.895 × 10 3 Pa TABLE A3 Selected British Units 表A3 主なヤード・ポンド法の単位 Length 1 light year (ly) = 9.46 × 10 15 m 1 astronomical unit (au) = 1.50 × 10 11 m 1 nautical mile = 1.852 km 1 angstrom(Å) = 10 -10 m Area 1 acre (ac) = 4.05 × 10 3 m2 1 square foot (ft 2 ) 9.29 × 10 -2 m 3 1 barn (b) = 10 -28 m 2 Volume 1 liter (L) = 10 -3 m 3 1 U.S. gallon (gal) = 3.785 × 10 -3 m 3 Mass 1 solar mass = 1.99 × 10 30 kg 1 metric ton = 10 3 kg 1 atomic mass unit (u) = 1.6605 × 10 -27 kg Time 1 year (y) = 3.16 × 10 7 s 1 day (d) = 86,400 s Speed 1 mile per hour (mph) = 1.609 km / h 1 nautical mile per hour (naut) = 1.852 km / h Angle 1 degree (°) = 1.745x10 -2 rad 1 minute of arc (') = 1 / 60 degree 1 second of arc ('') = 1 / 60 minute of arc 1 grad = 1.571 × 10 -2 rad Energy 1 kiloton TNT (kT) = 4.2 × 10 12 J TABLE A4 Other Units 表A4 その他の単位 836 1 kilowatt hour (kW h) = 3.60 × 106 J 1 food calorie (kcal) = 4186 J 1 calorie (cal) = 4.186 J 1 electron volt (cV) = 1.60 × 10 -19 J Pressure 1 atmosphere (atm) = 1.013 × 10 5 Pa 1 millimeter of mercury (mm Hg) = 133.3 Pa 1 torricelli (torr) = 1 mm Hg = 133.3 Pa Nuclear decay rate 1 curie (Ci) = 3.70 × 10 10 Bq TABLE A4 Other Units 表A4 その他の単位 Circumference of a circle with radius r or diameter d Area of a circle with radius r or diameter d Area of a sphere with radius r Volume of a sphere with radius r TABLE A5 Useful formulae 表A5 役に立つ公式 Symbol Meaning Best Value Approximate Value c Speed of light in vacuum G Gravitational constant N A Avogadro’s number k Boltzmann’s constant R Gas constant σ Stefan-Boltzmann Constant k Coulomb force constant q e Charge on electron TABLE A6 Important Constants 表A6 重要な定数 837 Symbol Meaning Best Value Approximate Value ε 0 Permittivity of free space µ 0 Permeability of free space h Planck’s constant TABLE A6 Important Constants 表A6 重要な定数 Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon Zeta Eta Theta Iota Kappa Lambda Mu Nu Xi Omicron Pi Rho Sigma Tau Upsilon TABLE A7 The Greek Alphabet 表A7 ギリシア文字 838 TABLE A7 The Greek Alphabet 表A7 ギリシア文字 Sun mass 1.99 × 10 30 kg average radius 6.96 × 10 8 m Earth-sun distance (average) 1.496 × 10 11 m Earth mass 5.9736 × 10 24 kg average radius 6.376 × 10 6 m orbital period 3.16 × 10 7 s Moon mass 7.35 × 10 22 kg average radius 1.74 × 10 6 m orbital period (average) 2.36 × 10 6 s Earth-moon distance (average) 3.84 × 10 8 m TABLE A8 Solar System Data 表A8 太陽系のデータ Atomic Atomic Mass Name number, Z 元素名 原子番号Z Atomic Symbol Number, A Mass (u) 記号 質量数A 原子質量(u) Percent Abundance or Decay Mode 存在比(パーセント)または崩壊の型 Half-life, t 1/2 半減期 t1/2 0 neutron 1 n 1.008 665 β – 10.37 min 1 Hydrogen 1 1 H 1.007 825 99.985% Deuterium 2 2 H or D 2.014 102 0.015% Tritium 3 3 H or T 3.016 050 β – 12.33 y 2 Helium 3 3 He 3.016 030 1.38 × 10 −4 % 4 4 He 4.002 603 ≈ 100% 3 Lithium 6 6 Li 6.015 121 7.5% 7 7 Li 7.016 003 92.5% TABLE A9 Atomic Masses and Decay 表A9 原子の質量と崩壊 839 Atomic Atomic Mass Name number, Z 元素名 原子番号Z Atomic Symbol Number, A Mass (u) 記号 質量数A 原子質量(u) Percent Abundance or Decay Mode 存在比(パーセント)または崩壊の型 Half-life, t 1/2 半減期 t1/2 4 Beryllium 7 7 Be 7.016 928 EC 53.29 d 9 9 Be 9.012 182 100% 5 Boron 10 10 B 10.012 937 19.9% 11 11 B 11.009 305 80.1% 6 Carbon 11 11 C 11.011 432 EC, β + 12 12 C 12.000 000 98.90% 13 13 C 13.003 355 1.10% 14 14 C 14.003 241 β – 5730 y 7 Nitrogen 13 12 N 13.005 738 β + 9.96 min 14 13 N 14.003 074 99.63% 15 14 N 15.000 108 0.37% 8 Oxygen 15 15 O 15.003 065 EC, β + 122 s 16 16 O 15.994 915 99.76% 18 18 O 17.999 160 0.200% 9 Fluorine 18 18 F 18.000 937 EC, β + 1.83 h 19 19 F 18.998 403 100% TABLE A9 Atomic Masses and Decay 表A9 原子の質量と崩壊 840 Atomic Atomic Mass Name number, Z 元素名 原子番号Z Atomic Symbol Number, A Mass (u) 記号 質量数A 原子質量(u) Percent Abundance or Decay Mode 存在比(パーセント)または崩壊の型 Half-life, t 1/2 半減期 t1/2 10 Neon 20 20 Ne 19.992 435 90.51% 22 22 Ne 21.991 383 9.22% 11 Sodium 22 22 Na 21.994 434 β + 2.602 y 23 23 Na 22.989 767 100% 24 24 Na 23.990 961 β – 14.96 h 12 Magnesium 24 24 Mg 23.985 042 78.99% 13 Aluminum 27 27 Al 26.981 539 100% 14 Silicon 28 28 Si 27.976 927 92.23% 2.62h 31 31 Si 30.975 362 β – 15 Phosphorus 31 31 P 30.973 762 100% 32 32 P 31.973 907 β – 14.28 d 16 Sulfur 32 32 S 31.972 070 95.02% 35 35 S 34.969 031 β – 87.4 d 17 Chlorine 35 35 Cl 34.968 852 75.77% 37 37 Cl 36.965 903 24.23% 18 Argon 40 40 Ar 39.962 384 99.60% TABLE A9 Atomic Masses and Decay 表A9 原子の質量と崩壊 841 Atomic Atomic Mass Name number, Z 元素名 原子番号Z Atomic Symbol Number, A Mass (u) 記号 質量数A 原子質量(u) Percent Abundance or Decay Mode 存在比(パーセント)または崩壊の型 Half-life, t 1/2 半減期 t1/2 19 Potassium 39 39 K 38.963 707 93.26% 40 40 K 39.963 999 0.0117%, EC, β – 1.28 × 10 9 y 20 Calcium 40 40 Ca 39.962 591 96.94% 21 Scandium 45 45 Sc 44.955 910 100% 22 Titanium 48 48 Ti 47.947 947 73.8% 23 Vanadium 51 51 V 50.943 962 99.75% 24 Chromium 52 52 Cr 51.940 509 83.79% 25 Manganese 55 55 Mn 54.938 047 100% 26 Iron 56 56 Fe 55.934 939 91.72% 27 Cobalt 59 59 Co 58.933 198 100% 60 60 Co 59.933 819 β – 5.271 y 28 Nickel 58 58 Ni 57.935 346 68.27% 60 60 Ni 59.930 788 26.10% 29 Copper 63 63 Cu 62.939 598 69.17% 65 Cu 64.927 793 30.83% 30 Zinc 64 64 Zn 63.929 145 48.6% TABLE A9 Atomic Masses and Decay 表A9 原子の質量と崩壊 842 Atomic Atomic Mass Name number, Z 元素名 原子番号Z Atomic Symbol Number, A Mass (u) 記号 質量数A 原子質量(u) Percent Abundance or Decay Mode 存在比(パーセント)または崩壊の型 Half-life, t 1/2 半減期 t1/2 66 66 Zn 65.926 034 27.9% 31 Gallium 69 69 Ga 68.925 580 60.1% 32 Germanium 72 72 Ge 71.922 079 27.4% 74 74 Ge 73.921 177 36.5% 33 Arsenic 75 75 As 74.921 594 100% 34 Selenium 80 80 Se 79.916 520 49.7% 35 Bromine 79 79 Br 78.918 336 50.69% 36 Krypton 84 84 Kr 83.911 507 57.0% 37 Rubidium 85 85 Rb 84.911 794 72.17% 38 Strontium 86 86 Sr 85.909 267 9.86% 88 88 Sr 87.905 619 82.58% 90 90 Sr 89.907 738 β – 28.8 y 39 Yttrium 89 89 Y 88.905 849 100% 90 90 Y 89.907 152 β – 64.1 h 40 Zirconium 90 90 Zr 89.904 703 51.45% 41 Niobium 93 93 Nb 92.906 377 100% TABLE A9 Atomic Masses and Decay 表A9 原子の質量と崩壊 843 Atomic Atomic Mass Name number, Z 元素名 原子番号Z Atomic Symbol Number, A Mass (u) 記号 質量数A 原子質量(u) Percent Abundance or Decay Mode 存在比(パーセント)または崩壊の型 Half-life, t 1/2 半減期 t1/2 42 Molybdenum 98 98 Mo 97.905 406 24.13% 43 Technetium 98 98 Tc 97.907 215 β – 4.2 × 10 6 y 44 Ruthenium 102 102 Ru 101.904 348 31.6% 45 Rhodium 103 103 Rh 102.905 500 100% 46 Palladium 106 106 Pd 105.903 478 27.33% 47 Silver 107 107 Ag 106.905 092 51.84% 109 109 Ag 108.904 757 48.16% 48 Cadmium 114 114 Cd 113.903 357 28.73% 49 Indium 115 115 In 114.903 880 95.7%, β – 4.4 × 10 14 y 50 Tin 120 120 Sn 119.902 200 32.59% 51 Antimony 121 121 Sb 120.903 821 57.3% 52 Tellurium 130 130 Te 129.906 229 33.8%, β – 2.5 × 10 21 y 53 Iodine 127 127 I 126.904 473 100% 131 131 I 130.906 114 β – 8.040 d 54 Xenon 132 132 Xe 131.904 144 26.9% 136 136 Xe 135.907 214 8.9% TABLE A9 Atomic Masses and Decay 表A9 原子の質量と崩壊 844 Atomic Atomic Mass Name number, Z 元素名 原子番号Z Atomic Symbol Number, A Mass (u) 記号 質量数A 原子質量(u) Percent Abundance or Decay Mode 存在比(パーセント)または崩壊の型 Half-life, t 1/2 半減期 t1/2 55 Cesium 133 133 Cs 132.905 429 100% 134 134 Cs 133.906 696 EC, β – 2.06 y 56 Barium 137 137 Ba 136.905 812 11.23% 138 138 Ba 137.905 232 71.70% 57 Lanthanum 139 139 La 138.906 346 99.91% 58 Cerium 140 140 Ce 139.905 433 88.48% 59 Praseodymium 141 141 Pr 140.907 647 100% 60 Neodymium 142 142 Nd 141.907 719 27.13% 61 Promethium 145 145 Pm 144.912 743 EC, α 17.7 y 62 Samarium 152 152 Sm 151.919 729 26.7% 63 Europium 153 153 Eu 152.921 225 52.2% 64 Gadolinium 158 158 Gd 157.924 099 24.84% 65 Terbium 159 159 Tb 158.925 342 100% 66 Dysprosium 164 164 Dy 163.929 171 28.2% 67 Holmium 165 165 Ho 164.930 319 100% 68 Erbium 166 166 Ho 165.930 290 33.6% TABLE A9 Atomic Masses and Decay 表A9 原子の質量と崩壊 845 Atomic Atomic Mass Name number, Z 元素名 原子番号Z Atomic Symbol Number, A Mass (u) 記号 質量数A 原子質量(u) Percent Abundance or Decay Mode 存在比(パーセント)または崩壊の型 Half-life, t 1/2 半減期 t1/2 69 Thulium 169 169 Tm 168.934 212 100% 70 Ytterbium 174 174 Yb 173.938 859 31.8% 71 Lutecium 175 175 Lu 174.940 770 97.41% 72 Hafnium 180 180 Hf 179.946 545 35.10% 73 Tantalum 181 181 Ta 180.947 992 99.98% 74 Tungsten 184 184 W 183.950 928 30.67% 75 Rhenium 187 187 Re 186.955 744 62.6%, β – 4.6 × 10 10 y 76 Osmium 191 191 Os 190.960 920 β – 15.4 d 192 192 Os 191.961 467 41.0% 77 Iridium 191 191 Ir 190.960 584 37.3% 193 193 Ir 192.962 917 62.7% 78 Platinum 195 195 Pt 194.964 766 33.8% 79 Gold 197 197 Au 196.966 543 100% 198 198 Au 197.968 217 β – 2.696 d 80 Mercury 199 199 Hg 198.968 253 16.87% 202 202 Hg 201.970 617 29.86% TABLE A9 Atomic Masses and Decay 表A9 原子の質量と崩壊 846 Atomic Atomic Mass Name number, Z 元素名 原子番号Z Atomic Symbol Number, A Mass (u) 記号 質量数A 原子質量(u) Percent Abundance or Decay Mode 存在比(パーセント)または崩壊の型 Half-life, t 1/2 半減期 t1/2 81 Thallium 205 205 Tl 204.974 401 70.48% 82 Lead 206 206 Pb 205.974 440 24.1% 207 207 Pb 206.975 872 22.1% 208 208 Pb 207.976 627 52.4% 210 210 Pb 209.984 163 α , β – 22.3 y 211 211 Pb 210.988 735 β – 36.1 min 212 212 Pb 211.991 871 β – 10.64 h 83 Bismuth 209 209 Bi 208.980 374 100% 211 211 Bi 210.987 255 α , β – 2.14 min 84 Polonium 210 210 Po 209.982 848 α 138.38 d 85 Astatine 218 218 At 218.008 684 α , β – 1.6 s 86 Radon 222 222 Rn 222.017 570 α 3.82 d 87 Francium 2 223 223 Fr 223.019 733 α , β – 21.8 min 88 Radium 226 226 Ra 226.025 402 α 1.60 × 10 3 y 89 Actinium 227 227 Ac 227.027 750 α , β – 21.8 y 90 Thorium 228 228 Th 228.028 715 α 1.91 y TABLE A9 Atomic Masses and Decay 表A9 原子の質量と崩壊 847 Atomic Atomic Mass Name number, Z 元素名 原子番号Z Atomic Symbol Number, A Mass (u) 記号 質量数A 原子質量(u) Percent Abundance or Decay Mode 存在比(パーセント)または崩壊の型 Half-life, t 1/2 半減期 t1/2 232 232 Th 232.038 054 100%, α 1.41 × 10 10 y 91 Protactinium 231 231 Pa 231.035 880 α 3.28 × 10 4 y 92 Uranium 233 233 U 233.039 628 α 1.59 × 10 3 y 235 235 U 235.043 924 0.720%, α 7.04 × 10 8 y 236 236 U 236.045 562 α 2.34 × 10 7 y 238 238 U 238.050 784 99.2745%, α 4.47 × 10 9 y 239 239 U 239.054 289 β – 23.5 min 93 Neptunium 239 239 Np 239.052 933 β – 2.355 d 94 Plutonium 239 239 Pu 239.052 157 α 2.41 × 10 4 y 95 Americium 243 243 Am 243.061 375 α , fission 7.37 × 10 3 y 96 Curium 245 245 Cm 245.065 483 α 8.50 × 10 3 y 97 Berkelium 245 247 Bk 247.070 300 α 1.38 × 10 3 y 98 Californium 249 249 Cf 249.074 844 α 351 y 99 Einsteinium 254 254 Es 254.088 019 α , β – 276 d 100 Fermium 253 253 Fm 253.085 173 EC, α 3.00 d 101 Mendelevium 255 255 Md 255.091 081 EC, α 27 min TABLE A9 Atomic Masses and Decay 表A9 原子の質量と崩壊 848 Atomic Atomic Mass Name number, Z 元素名 原子番号Z Atomic Symbol Number, A Mass (u) 記号 質量数A 原子質量(u) Percent Abundance or Decay Mode 存在比(パーセント)または崩壊の型 Half-life, t 1/2 半減期 t1/2 102 Nobelium 255 255 No 255.093 260 EC, α 3.1 min 103 Lawrencium 257 257 Lr 257.099 480 EC, α 0.646 s 104 Rutherfordium 261 261 Rf 261.108 690 α 1.08 mim 105 Dubnium 262 262 Db 262.113 760 α , fission 34 s 106 Seaborgium 263 263 Sg 263.11 86 α , fission 0.8 s 107 Bohrium 262 262 Bh 262.123 1 α 0.102 s 108 Hassium 264 264 Hs 264.128 5 α 0.08 ms 108 Meitnerium 266 266 Mt 266.137 8 α 3.4 ms TABLE A9 Atomic Masses and Decay 表A9 原子の質量と崩壊 Isotope t 1/2 Decay Mode Energy(MeV) Percent T-Ray Energy(MeV) Percent 3 H 12.33 y β – 0.0186 100% 14 C 5730 y β – 0.156 100% 13 N 9.96 min β + 1.20 100% 22 Na 2.602 y β + 1.20 90% γ 1.27 100% 32 P 14.28 d β – 1.71 100% 35 S 87.4 d β – 0.167 100% 36 Ci 3.00 × 105 y β – 0.710 100% 40 K 1.28 × 109 y β – 1.31 89% 43 K 22.3 h β – 0.827 87% γ s 0.373 87% 0.618 87% 45 Ca 165 d β – 0.257 100% 51 Cr 27.70 d EC γ 0.320 10% TABLE A10 Selected Radioactive Isotopes 表A10 主な放射性同位体 849 Isotope t 1/2 Decay Mode Energy(MeV) Percent T-Ray Energy(MeV) Percent 52 Mn 5.59d β + 3.69 28% γ s 1.33 28% 1.43 28% 52 Fe 8.27 h β + 1.80 43% 0.169 43% 0.378 43% 59 Fe 44.6 d β – s 0.273 45% γ s 1.10 57% 0.466 55% 1.29 43% 60 Co 5.271 y β – 0.318 100% γ s 1.17 100% 1.33 100% 65 Zn 244.1 d EC γ 1.12 51% 67 Ga 78.3 h EC γ s 0.0933 70% 0.185 35% 0.300 19% others 75 Se 118.5 d EC γ s 0.121 20% 0.136 65% 0.265 68% 0.280 20% others 86 Rb 18.8 d β – s 0.69 9% γ 1.08 9% 1.77 91% 85 Sr 64.8 d EC γ 0.514 1 100% 90 Sr 28.8 y β – 0.546 100% 90 Y 64.1 h β – 2.28 100% 99m Tc 6.02 h IT γ 0.142 100% 113 mIn 99.5 m in IT γ 0.392 100% TABLE A10 Selected Radioactive Isotopes 表A10 主な放射性同位体 850 Isotope t 1/2 Decay Mode Energy(MeV) Percent T-Ray Energy(MeV) Percent 123 I 13.0 h EC γ 0.159 ≈ 100% 131 I 8.040 d β – s 0.248 7% γ s 0.364 85% 0.607 93% others others 129 Cs 32.3 h EC γ s 0.0400 35% 0.372 32% 0.411 25% others 137 Cs 30.17 y β – s 0.511 95% γ 0.662 95% 1.17 5% 140 Ba 12.79 d β – 1.035 ≈ 100% γ s 0.030 25% 0.044 65% 0.537 24% others 198 Au 2.696 d β – 1.161 ≈ 100% γ 0.412 ≈ 100% 197 Hg 64.1 h EC γ 0.0733 100% 210 Po 138.38 d α 5.41 100% 226 Ra 1.60 × 103 y α s 4.68 5% γ 0.186 1 100% 4.87 95% 235 U 7.038 × 108 y α 4.68 ≈ 100% γ s Numerous <0.400% 238 U 4.468 × 109 y α s 4.22 23% γ 0.050 23% 4.27 77% 237 Np 2.14 × 106 y α s numerous γ s numerous <0.250% 4.96 (max.) 239 Pu 2.41 × 104 y α s 5.19 11% γ s 7.5 × 10-5 73% TABLE A10 Selected Radioactive Isotopes 表A10 主な放射性同位体 851 Isotope t 1/2 Decay Mode Energy(MeV) Percent T-Ray Energy(MeV) Percent 5.23 15% 0.013 15% 5.24 73% 0.052 15% others 243 Am 7.37 × 103 y α s Max. 5.44 γ s 0.075 5.37 88% others 5.32 11% others TABLE A10 Selected Radioactive Isotopes 表A10 主な放射性同位体 Symbol Meaning Best Value Approximate Value m e Electron mass 9.10938291(40) × 10 –31 kg 9.11 × 10 –31 kg m p Proton mass 1.672621777(74) × 10 –27 kg 1.6726 × 10 –27 kg m n Neutron mass 1.674927351(74) × 10 –27 kg 1.6749 × 10 –27 kg u Atomic mass unit 1.660538921(73) × 10 –27 kg 1.6605 × 10 –27 kg TABLE A11 Submicroscopic masses 表A11 微視より小さな尺度の質量 Substance p(kg/m 3 ) Substance p(kg/m 3 ) Air 1.29 Iron 7.86 × 10 3 Air (at 20°C and Atmospheric pressure) 1.20 Lead 11.3 × 10 3 Aluminum 2.70 × 10 3 Mercury 13.6 × 10 3 Benzene 0.879 × 10 3 Nitrogen gas 1.25 Brass 8.4 × 10 3 Oak 0.710 × 10 3 Copper 8.92 × 10 3 Osmium 22.6 × 10 3 Ethyl alcohol 0.806 × 10 3 Oxygen gas 1.43 Fresh water 1.00 × 10 3 Pine 0.373 × 10 3 Glycerin 1.26 × 10 3 Platinum 21.4 × 10 3 Gold 1.93 × 10 3 Seawater 1.03 × 10 3 TABLE A12 Densities of common substances (including water at various temperatures) 表A12 身近な物質の密度(いろいろな温度の水を含む) 852 Substance p(kg/m 3 ) Substance p(kg/m 3 ) Helium gas 1.79 × 10 –1 Silver 10.5 × 10 3 Hydrogen gas 8.99 × 10 –2 Tin 7.30 × 10 3 Ice 0.917 × 10 3 Uranium 18.7 × 10 3 TABLE A12 Densities of common substances (including water at various temperatures) 表A12 身近な物質の密度(いろいろな温度の水を含む) Substance Specific Heat (J/kg °C) Substance Specific Heat (J/kg °C) Elemental solids Other solids Aluminum 900 Brass 380 Beryllium 1830 Glass 837 Cadmium 230 Ice (–5 °C) 2090 Copper 387 Marble 860 Germanium 322 Wood 1700 Gold 129 Liquids Iron 448 Alcohol (ethyl) 2400 Lead 128 Mercury 140 Silicon 703 Water (15 °C) 4186 Silver 234 Gas Steam (100 °C) 2010 Note: To convert values to units of cal/g °C, divide by 4186 TABLE A13 Specific heats of common substances 表A13 身近な物質の比熱 Substance Melting Point (°C) Latent Heat of Fusion (J/kg) Boiling Point (°C) Latent Heat of Vaporization (J/kg) Helium –272.2 5.23 × 10 3 –268.93 2.09 × 10 4 Oxygen –218.79 1.38 × 10 4 –182.97 2.13 × 10 5 Nitrogen –209.97 2.55 × 10 4 –195.81 2.01 × 10 5 Ethyl Alcohol –114 1.04 × 10 5 78 8.54 × 10 5 TABLE A14 Heats of fusion and vaporization for common substances 表A14 身近な物質の融解熱と蒸発熱 853 Substance Melting Point (°C) Latent Heat of Fusion (J/kg) Boiling Point (°C) Latent Heat of Vaporization (J/kg) Water 0.00 3.33 × 10 5 100.00 2.26 × 10 6 Sulfur 119 3.81 × 10 4 444.60 2.90 × 10 5 Lead 327.3 3.97 × 10 5 1750 8.70 × 10 5 Aluminum 660 3.97 × 10 5 2516 1.05 × 10 7 Silver 960.80 8.82 × 10 4 2162 2.33 × 10 6 Gold 1063.00 6.44 × 10 4 2856 1.58 × 10 6 Copper 1083 1.34 × 10 5 2562 5.06 × 10 6 TABLE A14 Heats of fusion and vaporization for common substances 表A14 身近な物質の融解熱と蒸発熱 Materials (Solids) Average Linear Expansion Coefficient (a)(°C) –1 Material (Liquids and Gases) Average Volume Expansion Coefficient (B)(°C) –1 Aluminum 24 × 10 –6 Acetone 1.5 × 10 –4 Brass and Bronze 19 × 10 –6 Alcohol, ethyl 1.12 × 10 –4 Concrete 12 × 10 –6 Benzene 1.24 × 10 –4 Copper 17 × 10 –6 Gasoline 9.6 × 10 –4 Glass (ordinary) 9 × 10 –6 Glycerin 4.85 × 10 –4 Glass (Pyrex) 3.2 × 10 –6 Mercury 1.82 × 10 –4 Invar (Ni-Fe alloy) 1.3 × 10 –6 Turpentine 9.0 × 10 –4 Lead 29 × 10 –6 Air* at 0°C 3.67 × 10 –3 Steel 13 × 10 –6 Helium* 3.665 × 10 –3 * The values given here assume the gases undergo expansion at constant pressure. However, the expansion of gases depends on the pressure applied to the gas. Therefore, gases do not have a specific value for the volume expansion coefficient.
*ここに挙げた値は、気体が一定の圧力のもとで膨らむとした場合のものである。ただし気体の膨らみ方は、その気体にかかる圧力による。したがって気体には体積膨張率の決まった値がない。
TABLE A15 Coefficients of thermal expansion for common substances 表A15 身近な物質の熱膨張率 854 Medium v(m/s) Medium v(m/s) Medium v(m/s) Gases Liquids at 25°C Solids* Hydrogen 1286 Glycerol 1904 Pyrex glass 5640 Helium 972 Seawater 1533 Iron 5950 Air (20 °C) 343 Water 1493 Aluminum 5100 Air (0 °C) 331 Mercury 1450 Brass 4700 Oxygen 317 Kerosene 1324 Copper 3560 Methyl Alcohol 1143 Gold 3240 Carbon tetrachloride 926 Lucite 2680 Lead 1322 Rubber 1600 *Values given here are for propagation of longitudinal waves in bulk media. However, speeds for longitudinal waves in thin rods are slower, and speeds of transverse waves in bulk are even slower.
*ここに挙げた値は、かたまりの媒質の中を縦波が伝わる場合のものである。ただし細い棒の中の縦波の速さはこれより遅く、かたまりの中の横波の速さはさらに遅い。
TABLE A16 Speed of sound in various substances 表A16 いろいろな物質の中の音の速さ Source of Sound B(dB) Nearby jet airplane 150 Jackhammer machine gun 130 Siren; rock concert 120 Subway; power lawn mower 100 Busy traffic 80 Vacuum cleaner 70 Normal Conversation 60 Mosquito buzzing 40 whisper 30 Rustling leaves 10 Threshold of hearing 0 TABLE A17 Conversion of sound intensity to decibel level 表A17 音の強さからデシベルへの換算 855 Wavelength Range (nm) Color Description 400-430 Violet 430-485 Blue 485-560 Green 560-590 Yellow 590-625 Orange 625-700 Red TABLE A18 Wavelengths of visible light 表A18 可視光の波長 Substance Index of Refraction Substance Index of Refraction Solids at 20°C Liquids at 20°C Cubic zirconia 2.15 Benzene 1.501 Diamond (C) 2.419 Carbon disulfide 1.628 Flourite (CaF 2 ) 1.434 Carbon tetrachloride 1.461 Fused quartz (SiO 2 ) 1.458 Ethyl alcohol 1.361 Gallium phosphide 3.50 Glycerin 1.473 Glass, crown 1.52 Water 1.333 Glass, flint 1.66 Ice (H 2 O) 1.309 Gases at 0°C, 1 atm Polystyrene 1.49 Air 1.000 293 Sodium chloride (NaCl) 1.544 Carbon dioxide 1.000 45 Note: These values assume that light has a wavelength of 589 nm in vacuum.
注——ここに挙げた値は、光の真空中での波長を589 nmとした場合のものである。
TABLE A19 Indices of refraction 表A19 屈折率 Hoop or thin cylindrical shell Hollow cylinder Solid cylinder or disk Rectangular plane TABLE A20 Moments of inertia for different shapes 表A20 いろいろな形の慣性モーメント 856 Long, thin rod with rotation axis through center Long, thin rod with rotation axis through end Solid sphere Thin spherical shell TABLE A20 Moments of inertia for different shapes 表A20 いろいろな形の慣性モーメント μ s μ k Rubber on dry concrete 1.0 0.8 Steel on steel 0.74 0.57 Aluminum on steel 0.61 0.47 Glass on glass 0.94 0.4 Copper on steel 0.53 0.36 Wood on wood 0.25-0.5 0.2 Waxed wood on wet snow 0.14 0.1 Waxed wood on dry snow 0.1 0.04 Metal on metal (lubricated) 0.15 0.06 Teflon on Teflon 0.04 0.04 Ice on ice 0.1 0.03 Synovial joints in humans 0.01 0.003 Note: All values are approximate. In some cases, the coefficient of friction can exceed 1.0.
注——すべて概数である。摩擦係数が1.0を超える場合もある。
TABLE A21 Coefficients of friction for common objects on other objects 表A21 身近な物どうしの摩擦係数 Material Dielectric Constant ĸ Dielectric Strength* (10 6 V/m) Air (dry) 1.000 59 3 Bakelite 4.9 24 Fused quartz 4.3 8 Mylar 3.2 7 Neoprene rubber 6.7 12 TABLE A22 Dielectric constants 表A22 比誘電率 857 Material Dielectric Constant ĸ Dielectric Strength* (10 6 V/m) Nylon 3.4 14 Paper 3.7 16 Paraffin-impregnated paper 3.5 11 Polystyrene 2.56 24 Polyvinyl chloride 3.4 40 Porcelain 6 8 Pyrex glass 5.6 14 Silicone oil 2.5 15 Strontium titanate 233 8 Teflon 2.1 60 Vacuum 1.000 00 ∞ Water 80 3 TABLE A22 Dielectric constants 表A22 比誘電率 858 本ページは OpenStax『Physics』 （Texas Education Agency / Rice University, 2020）を日本語に訳したものです。ライセンス CC BY 4.0 。改変: 全文に日本語訳を付し、原文と対訳の形に組み直した。
本翻訳は OpenStax および Rice University が作成・承認したものではありません。OpenStax の名称・ロゴ・書影は同ライセンスの対象外のため使用していません。
