第12章クラウドネイティブアプリケーション開発

There are several tools cloud customers must consider when implementing services using the cloud deployment technologies discussed earlier. Cloud customers who adopt automation will increase deployment speeds while lowering costs. With the growth of cloud environments, customers must manage increasingly complex environments. There are several tools that can be used to automate tasks, such as server provisioning and configuration management. Automating these tasks improves the efficiency of DevOps teams and speeds up the deployment of services because they reduce the volume of manual tasks required to manage cloud resources and infrastructure. Tasks that must be automated in the case of each cloud deployment technology include the IaaS tasks of orchestration and provisioning, PaaS tasks include source code management and CI/ CD pipelines, and FaaS/serverless tasks include orchestrating the deployment of functions and their dependencies.

Automation tools help customers reduce operational costs and minimize errors. Automation tools can be used to configure and install containers, VMs, or other systems; provision and deprovision resources for auto-scaling; and allocate resources to optimize workload performance. There are several tools that are available to assist with automation of development, delivery, and management of applications, workloads, and infrastructure. Tools such as Ansible, Pulumi, or Terraform can help with automating orchestration. Tools such as Ansible, Chef, Puppet, or Salt can help with automating configuration management. Tools such as BitBucket, GitHub, or GitLab can help with automating source control management. Tools such as Broccoli, CircleCI, Codeship, or Maven can help with automating builds. Tools such as Bamboo, CircleCI, Codeship, and Jenkins can help with automating continuous integration. For automating continuous deployment, additional options include Go, Julu, or Octopus Deploy.

While cloud-native applications are deployed all over the world, they involve the use of DevOps methods and tools that are mostly developed in the United States or Europe. For example, DevOps refers to terms like CI/CD, which relate to terms (i.e., continuous integration/continuous deployment) and tools (e.g., Jenkins, GitLab, Docker) that are respectively used and implemented by companies in the United States. Therefore, it is not certain how well those methods and tools work in other cultural contexts. What is your opinion regarding these concerns?

When adopting IaaS, IaC can be used to automate infrastructure management provisioning by using code instead of manually. This includes managing servers, managing operating system installations and updates, kernel modifications, and the management of storage and other infrastructure components needed for the development and deployment of applications.

Orchestration tools (e.g., Kubernetes) can be used on any of the cloud deployment technologies discussed to automate services such as allocating resources and scaling applications as needed. Configuration management tools (e.g., Ansible) can also be used on any of the cloud deployment technologies to automate the process of configuring and managing changes to these resources. Both orchestration and configuration management tools provide support for integrating with IaaS services provided by the major cloud service providers (e.g., Amazon Web Services, Google Cloud Platform, IBM Cloud, and Microsoft Azure).

Learn more about infrastructure as a code (https://openstax.org/r/76infracode) as well as design principles for IaC and design patterns for infrastructure deployment stacks.

As mentioned, PaaS also provides services for managing the operating system, middleware, and runtime environments for applications. As such, available PaaS tools are used for automating tasks, such as streamlining code integration between systems as well as managing application build and deployment processes.

A tool discussed earlier, Tanzu, provides a major improvement over traditional PaaS deployment options by enabling deployment on any cloud that provides a container orchestration mechanism. It is equivalent to an application server for the cloud that can deploy cloud-based and cloud-native application workloads on any cloud.

When adopting FaaS, applications are deployed on server infrastructure in response to events without customers having to manage the underlying infrastructure. Although the managing of the infrastructure is not the customer’s concern, there are setup requirements customers must deal with, including setting up the serverless runtime environment, deploying serverless functions, cloud service dependencies (e.g., storage), and the required amount of memory needed. There are tools (e.g., Ansible) that are available to help deploy these cloud services.

Cloud management platforms (CMPs) are used to simplify the deployment and management of cloud services across various cloud service providers. Customers manage several large-scale applications in very complex environments using services from multiple cloud service providers. CMPs can be helpful in simplifying the deployment and management of all these services. Understanding the common use cases as well as the available cloud deployment technologies available help customers to select the appropriate solutions to support their needs.