第2章計算論的思考と設計の再利用性

The secure and transparent way of recording transactions that uses a chain of blocks, each storing a list of encrypted transactions is called blockchain. Once a block is full, it is linked to the previous one, forming a chain. Blockchain technology decentralizes processing to ensure the integrity of transactions across multiple computer nodes. This ensures that no single computer node gets assigned to processing transactions repeatedly, thereby preventing possible fraudulent modifications of transactions. A smart contract is an automated agreement written in code that runs on blockchain technology. They enforce contract terms automatically when specific conditions are met, removing the need for intermediaries and ensuring security. The use of blockchain smart contracts within web applications is becoming more popular. The logical application architecture model in Figure 2.28 illustrates how this is made possible by creating hybrid Web 2.0 websites that interact with Web 3.0 smart contracts.

Building these types of business solutions is greatly facilitated by the use of the Ethereum platform, an open-source blockchain platform that enables the creation and execution of smart contracts and decentralized applications, or Cloud blockchain platforms provided by one of the Cloud service providers such as Amazon AWS, Google GCP, IBM Cloud, Consensys, Oracle Cloud, and others. These platforms provide frameworks and APIs that make it easy to develop and deploy smart contracts. The Web 2.0 portion of the website can leverage the frameworks mentioned earlier. In addition to these capabilities, the adaptive design reuse approach may be used to create the custom part of the Web 3.0 application. More information related to the development of Web 3.0 solutions is provided in Chapter 9 Software Engineering, Chapter 10 Enterprise and Solution Architectures Management, and Chapter 13 Hybrid Multicloud Digital Solutions Development.

A way of building software by breaking it into small, independent pieces where each piece, or service, does a specific job and works on its own is called microservices. A large number of businesses have been migrating their legacy business solutions to the cloud to take advantage of microservices that are designed around specific business functions and can be deployed independently using automated deployment systems. Figure 2.29 illustrates how secure, managed, and monetized APIs that are critical for a digital enterprise can be created by leveraging a combination of API-led integration frameworks and cloud-native technologies. The use of such frameworks and technologies helps streamline the migration of legacy business solutions. The process of migrating legacy business solutions means upgrading or replacing old systems with newer, more efficient ones. In addition to these capabilities, the adaptive design reuse approach may be used to create the custom part of the cloud-native applications. More information related to the development of cloud-native solutions is provided in Chapter 9 Software Engineering, Chapter 10 Enterprise and Solution Architectures Management, and Chapter 12 Cloud-Native Applications Development.

Figure 2.29 illustrates the architecture of a digital platform that combines web and mobile applications with blockchain technology. On the client side, users interact with the platform through web dashboards and mobile apps, which communicate with the server using JSON and handle notifications via services like Firebase, Huawei, and Apple. The server side includes an API layer that processes these requests, a caching layer to improve performance, and a back-end logic layer responsible for application logic, backups, and analytics. The architecture also features integration with public blockchain networks for enhanced security and transparency, and it supports various notification services to keep users informed.

The approach that consists of reinventing, rethinking, and rewiring solutions in various industries seems to favor countries that have the means to perform broadscale transformations. This may have ethical, social, and economic implications in other parts of the world.

Consider how advanced countries are rapidly adopting electric cars. They have the resources to reinvent transportation by investing in electric vehicle (EV) technology, rethinking their energy use to reduce pollution, and rewiring their infrastructure to support EV charging stations. This shift toward electric cars is more challenging in less wealthy countries due to the high costs of EVs and the lack of charging infrastructure. As a result, these countries may continue to depend on older, more polluting vehicles, facing both environmental and economic disadvantages.