第2章計算論的思考と設計の再利用性

To illustrate the power of architectural design and adaptive design reuse, various designs used in mainstream business solutions are surveyed, followed by explanations as to how corresponding turnkey solutions can be derived from these models. Several subsequent chapters of the book elaborate on building-related solutions.

Organizations like the Object Management Group (OMG) create foundational and common system architectures that may be used across industries. An example is the Object Management Architecture (OMA), which is a foundation for developing architectures as building blocks. It then elaborates in providing Object Services, Horizontal Facilities, and Vertical Facilities as subcomponents to help classify common system architectures that may be used to assemble a complete OMA-centric architecture. It is then the responsibility of the various industries to establish standard architectures that may be leveraged by organizations that operate in these industries. Finally, organizations benefit from being able to leverage foundational, common systems and industry architectures to develop their own proprietary architectures. Based on the models of the various architectures that organizations may use and assuming there exists solutions for them, organizations can develop their own solutions faster by reusing and customizing existing solution components instead of reinventing the wheel. This is actually how the TOGAF solution continuum applies adaptive design reuse.

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is an international community that develops guidelines to ensure the long-term growth and accessibility of the World Wide Web. Web 2.0 is the second generation of the World Wide Web when we shift from static web pages to dynamic content. Web 3.0 is the third generation of the World Wide Web and represents a vision for the future of the Internet characterized by advanced technologies. Most modern websites rely on the Web 2.0 architectural model set forth by W3C. A sample logical application architecture model is illustrated in Figure 2.26.

In this case, the model leverages the various components available on the Microsoft Azure Cloud. Microsoft Azure is a comprehensive cloud computing platform provided by Microsoft. Azure is designed to help organizations build, deploy, and manage applications and services through a global network of data centers. Azure provides streamlined development capabilities under its DevOps offering to make it very easy to develop and quickly deploy websites on the Azure platform using mainstream web application frameworks (e.g., ASP.Net, PhP, Java). DevOps is an Agile Software Engineering tools-driven approach that focuses on developing software and deploying it into operation.

Many of the support components required to support website implementations are readily available on Microsoft Azure and other systems that provide reusable components for responsible web design. It is easy to evolve the model shown below into a running website. A web application framework has built-in support for architectural patterns that make it easy to extend the framework and use plug-ins to implement commercial-grade websites in a reasonable amount of time. They also support the use of web frameworks that make it possible to build a responsive web application that makes the functionality available on the desktop version of the application seamlessly available on a mobile device. In addition to these capabilities, the adaptive design reuse approach may be used to create the custom part of the web application. More information related to the development of web solutions is provided in Chapter 9 Software Engineering, Chapter 10 Enterprise and Solution Architectures Management, and Chapter 11 Web Applications Development.

What is one of the mechanisms that makes it possible to compare architectural similarities between two solutions at different levels?

A web application (web app) is a software application that is accessed and interacted with through a web browser over the Internet. Many web-based solutions leverage the inherent capabilities of mobile devices, offering web apps tailored for various types of phones in addition to responsive websites. Numerous frameworks exist to facilitate the development of native web apps, streamlining the process of creating applications that can run seamlessly on different mobile platforms. These frameworks often provide a unified and efficient approach to building cross-platform mobile applications, ensuring a consistent user experience across various devices.

In certain frameworks and development environments, React Native UI component libraries can be leveraged to, port web apps to mobile devices. Examples include React Native support for Android apps using the Android Studio (Android Studio provides a comprehensive environment for developing, testing, and debugging Android apps) or iPhone web app using XCode IDEs (Xcode is an integrated development environment [IDE] developed by Apple for macOS that offers a suite of tools for building software for Apple platforms, including macOS, iOS, watchOS, and tvOS). Figure 2.27 illustrates the logical application architecture of mobile web apps that use React Native. In addition to these capabilities, the adaptive design reuse approach may be used to create the custom part of the native web app. More information related to the development of native web app solutions is provided in Chapter 9 Software Engineering, Chapter 10 Enterprise and Solution Architectures Management, and Chapter 11 Web Applications Development.

Native mobile apps are designed specifically for mobile operating systems, providing optimal performance and a seamless user experience.

• WhatsApp: WhatsApp is a native mobile app designed specifically for iOS and Android platforms. It directly accesses the hardware of the device, such as the GPS, camera, and microphone, which allows for features like real-time location sharing, voice and video calls, and media sharing.

• Instagram: Instagram is a photo- and video-sharing app. Native development helps Instagram manage high-quality media content efficiently, apply real-time filters, and smoothly handle in-app animations.

• Uber Eats: Uber Eats is a food-delivery service that operates as a native app on mobile devices. Being native allows the app to use device-specific features, such as GPS for tracking the delivery person’s location in real time.

• Spotify: Spotify uses its native app to deliver personalized music and podcast streaming services. The app’s native nature allows it to integrate closely with the device’s hardware, offering features like offline downloading, low-latency streaming, and background play.