第7章高水準プログラミング言語

declared without a code block for implementation; the stubs of methods that will be implemented by a class which uses the interface

way of thinking and expressing algorithms to indicate what the programmer wants the hardware to do

keyword that denotes where in code to access a variable or method

value of a function call, which must match the parameters in both number and data type

named variable that references a block of contiguous memory locations

values separated by commas placed between curly braces

process of converting a low-level assembly language product of the compiler into machine language that the computer can execute; binary form

operation by which a value is stored in a variable

compiler step that is responsible for code generation or production of the target code

minimal-length sequence of instructions that will always execute in its entirety if it executes at all, equivalent to a code block

most accepted style and structure of code that can be used to ensure proper software development, which makes it possible to learn new languages easily once a programmer has mastered a given one

operator surrounded by two operands

data types that can hold the values true or false

condition for further loop iteration set at the exit from the code block

condition of a process that is continually looking to see if it has access to a critical section, taking processor time from all processes

object code produced by Java compilation, which is then interpreted by the Java virtual machine

execution stack that is the data structure that controls the calling and return of functions

refers to whether uppercase and lowercase letters are treated as distinct from each other

code blueprint from which objects are constructed

script that runs on a client computer, usually under the control of a web browser and needs an interpreter on the client’s machine

statement that consists of one or more statements that are structured in a sequential group and delineated as such

transformation of the code to the target or object language

ability of a variable of a data type to be forced to hold a value of a different data type

when the assignment operator is combined with another operator, usually mathematical, as a shortcut notation

container used to hold documentation in code

executable program residing in a special directory known to the web server management program

takes managed code and provides a JIT execution that allows all the languages to play nicely with each other

single process that takes the source code that the programmer creates and transforms it into another language

data type consisting of multiple primitive types used as its building blocks

loop that will continue to iterate until a specific condition is met

(also: Boolean expression) evaluates to the Boolean values of true or false

specialized method that is called upon to instantiate an object from a class

loop that will continue to iterate a specific number of times

unary operator that lowers the value of its operand by one

specialized methods used in some languages to destroy an instantiated object and recover its memory

loop that is predictable in its number of iterations

compilation process which allows the program to be carried over to memory for execution after it runs

all methods are resolved dynamically at runtime, not by the compiler, sometimes referred to as late binding

each “shelf” of an array that can hold a value of a data type

script in which one language is embedded inside another

attributes and behaviors of classes and objects are self-contained and go along with them throughout their lifetime

when behavior of programs is controlled by actions (events) which are listened for and then acted upon or handled

unusual behavior that can be recovered using exception handling support the programming language provides

operator that raises the value of one operand to the power of the second operand

construct in a programming language that evaluates two values

function that can be assigned as a value to a variable

data type consisting of a decimal number

order in which, or if, the statements of a program are executed

particular loop construct that is top-tested and count-controlled

represent values that the function needs to receive to do its job

compilation step that is responsible for the analysis of the source code

code sequence that is designed to perform a particular task

code which invokes the function and passes to it values that may be needed for it to do its job

defines a function and informs the compiler or interpreter about the details that it needs to call upon that function and what it may return

programming model in which the key concept is that programs are constructed by composing functions and applying them

process used to destroy unneeded objects and recover memory when there are no longer any references to them in the code

code improvements at multiple layers that include loop performance improvement, register allocation, and instruction scheduling

function that can take one or more first class functions as arguments

method of language translation which involves the use of both a compiler and an interpreter

name given to a variable or other construct

emphasizes a “tell the computer what to do” approach

unary operator that raises the value of its operand by one

array in which the elements are numbered with an index, starting at zero

masking of the actual bits and bytes of implementation that the user of a module does not need to know

feature of OOP in which classes and objects take on specified attributes from their ancestors

assigning its first value to a variable

process of building an instance (an object) of a class

data type consisting of whole numbers

construct which resembles a class definition but contains only methods which are constructed as abstract methods

language translation phase that produces a code level between the source code and the object code

middle end compilation product created after semantic analysis if the program passes all checks

generated from programming source code, but the CPU typically cannot execute directly

looping, going around and re-executing sequences of statements

Java interpreter that translates bytecode into executable code

process when intermediate code gets its final compilation (or usually interpretation) phase right at the start of runtime

process in which intermediate language is translated and executed exactly when needed

word reserved by the language that has a special meaning

when all methods are resolved dynamically at runtime, not by the compiler; sometimes referred to as dynamic binding

compilation step that converts the source code strings of characters into tokens

value of one of the legal data types of an HLL that can be written directly into the code

elimination of redundant operations in a basic block

left-hand operand in an expression

code targeted to run under a particular runtime environment

attribute or method that is encapsulated within a class or object

data about data

compilation step responsible for performing optimizations of the code

splitting a large job into independent units which may be then called upon to perform tasks

component of a program

operator which evaluates to the remainder left after division

ability to inherit attributes and methods from more than one parent

ability of an application to process more than one task at the same time or to engage in concurrency

something that is changeable, possibly referring to state

construct-like variables that is named and can hold values

container that can be assigned the value of a data type which may not be changed thereafter

loop for which we cannot predict the number of iterations (condition controlled)

machine code produced by a compiler or interpreter

performs various types of operations (processes) on values

producing what will be needed to generate the fastest and most efficiently running code possible

define another method with the same name and modify its signature

when programs can have more than one part of the code running simultaneously

front-end compilation process, also referred to as syntax analysis, or reading the code to make sure it conforms with the syntax rules of the language

actual memory address of a variable passed as an argument, meaning the function has access to modify the original variable

copy made of a value and passed as an argument, meaning the function has no access to modify the original variable

feature of OOP in which methods inherited may perform in different ways in different subclasses and depend upon their context

order of operations rules that determine the order in which operators in statements are evaluated

pre-compilation step in which the source code is manipulated to prepare it for the compilation stage

code that describes resources the program needs in order to compile, usually files to insert into the source code

(also: basic data type) simplest data type of a language that can usually be represented directly by the hardware memory and registers

allows programmers to group statements into blocks of code within the scope of which variables may be defined and manipulated independently from the rest of a program

documentation of only what a user needs to access an object, its attributes, and its methods

function that will return the same result every time given the same arguments

when the condition of a program and its behaviors are not synchronized

measures how easily an HLL can be read and understood

variable that holds memory addresses

command that ends a function and/or sends values back to the place at which the function was called

exception that is serious enough that it cannot or should not be handled by the software

right-hand operand in an expression

defines both the visibility of variables to locations in the code and the physical lifetime of variables

characterized by placing a list of code statements into a file, referred to as a script

making a decision on which path of execution to follow

compilation step that discovers the meaning of the code

expression that sets the condition at the entry or exit of a loop for continued iteration

situation where pieces of the program can be compiled and independently built

executing statements in the order in which they appear

script that runs on a server in a web designer’s domain

data available to multiple program locations and/or scopes

stringing together a group of commands to perform tasks on the user interfaces of various operating systems

when HLL expressions that use the logical operators do not need the second operand evaluated for results to be known

methodology used by most modern OOP HLLs in which classes and objects can only inherit from one parent

structure representing a function and its parts that is placed on the call stack

condition in which the call stack has run out of memory in which to expand

condition of a process when a process must wait to enter a critical section, but the other processes monopolize the section, and the waiting process does not get processor time

data that are remembered over time

produces an executable object file by completing its tasks prior to the program running

data type representing a sequence of characters

language in which a variable may only contain one of the language’s defined data types for its entire existence

most widely used language to specify a query that a database system can process to store or retrieve data

child class in an inheritance relationship

parent class in an inheritance relationship

front-end compilation process usually referred to as parsing or reading the code to make sure it conforms with the syntax rules of the language

acts on three operands

thread the processor is controlling, which is actually executing at the time

front-end compilation product that are sequences of compiler recognizable atomic symbols which make it much easier for the next steps to recognize them

when a condition for further loop iteration is set at the entrance to the code block

chart that shows what the resulting value would be given every combination of values of operands in an expression using a logical operator

operation that coerces an assignment of a possibly incompatible data type to a variable

acts on one operand

point at which human users interact with a computer, website or application

gives a name to a memory location that is used in any HLL to hold a value

consists of a statement which specifies the variable name and data type

a keyword in many HLLs that denotes a null value stored in a variable or that a function returns no value

when a variable may at different times hold values of any of the language data types

measures how easily an HLL can be used to create and modify programs